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[[Category:ASIC mappers]]
{{Infobox iNES mapper
The '''Nintendo MMC1''' is a [[MMC|mapper]] [[:Category:ASIC mappers|ASIC]] used in Nintendo's [[SxROM]] and [[NES-EVENT]] Game Pak boards. Most common SxROM boards are assigned to [[iNES Mapper 001]]. This chip first appeared in the summer of 1987.
|name=MMC1
 
|name2=SxROM
== Overview ==
|company=Nintendo, others
* PRG ROM size: Up to 256 KB depending on board
|mapper=1
* PRG ROM bank size: 16 KB or 32 KB
|nescartdbgames=390
* PRG RAM: Up to 8 KB
|othermappers=[[iNES Mapper 105|105]], [[iNES Mapper 155|155]]
* CHR capacity: Up to 128 KB ROM or 8 KB RAM [[Category:Mappers with CHR RAM]]
|complexity=ASIC
* CHR bank size: 8 KB or 4 KB
|boards=SKROM, SLROM,<br/>SNROM, others
* Nametable [[mirroring]]: Controlled by mapper
|pinout=MMC1 pinout
* Subject to [[bus conflict]]s: No
|prgmax=256K (512K)
|prgpage=16K + 16K fixed or 32K
|wrammax=32K
|wrampage=8K
|chrmax=128K
|chrpage=4K + 4K or 8K
|mirroring=H, V, or 1, switchable
|busconflicts=No
}}
[[Category:Nintendo licensed mappers]][[Category:NES 2.0 mappers with submappers]]
The '''Nintendo MMC1''' is a [[MMC|mapper]] [[:Category:ASIC mappers|ASIC]] used in Nintendo's [[SxROM]] and [[NES-EVENT]] Game Pak boards. Most common SxROM boards are assigned to '''iNES Mapper 1'''. This chip first appeared in the April of 1987.


== Banks ==
== Banks ==
* CPU $6000-$7FFF: 8 KB PRG RAM bank, fixed
* CPU $6000-$7FFF: 8 KB PRG RAM bank, (optional)
* CPU $8000-$BFFF: 16 KB PRG ROM bank, either switchable or fixed to the first bank
* CPU $8000-$BFFF: 16 KB PRG ROM bank, either switchable or fixed to the first bank
* CPU $C000-$FFFF: 16 KB PRG ROM bank, either fixed to the last bank or switchable
* CPU $C000-$FFFF: 16 KB PRG ROM bank, either fixed to the last bank or switchable
Line 20: Line 30:
Through writes to the MMC1 control register, it is possible for the program to swap the fixed and switchable PRG ROM banks or to set up 32 KB PRG bankswitching (like [[BNROM]]), but most games use the default setup, which is similar to that of [[UxROM]].
Through writes to the MMC1 control register, it is possible for the program to swap the fixed and switchable PRG ROM banks or to set up 32 KB PRG bankswitching (like [[BNROM]]), but most games use the default setup, which is similar to that of [[UxROM]].


== Registers ==
== Interface ==
Unlike almost all other mappers, the MMC1 is configured through a serial port in order to reduce its pin count. CPU $8000-$FFFF is connected to a common shift register.
Writing a value with bit 7 set ($80 through $FF) to any address in $8000-$FFFF clears the shift register to its initial state.
To change a register's value, the CPU writes five times with bit 7 clear and one bit of the desired value in bit 0 (starting with the low bit of the value).
On the first four writes, the MMC1 shifts bit 0 into a shift register.
On the fifth write, the MMC1 copies bit 0 and the shift register contents into an internal register selected by bits 14 and 13 of the address, and then it clears the shift register.
Only on the fifth write does the address matter, and even then, only bits 14 and 13 of the address matter because the mapper doesn't see the lower address bits (similar to the mirroring seen with [[PPU registers]]). After the fifth write, the shift register is cleared automatically, so writing again with bit 7 set to clear the shift register is not needed.


Unlike almost all other mappers, the MMC1 is configured through a serial port in order to reduce pin count. CPU $8000-$FFFF is connected to a common shift register. After every fifth write, the MMC1 copies the shift register into the internal register corresponding to the address; only on the fifth write does the address matter. After the fifth address write, the shift register is reset, so a write to the shift register with hi bit on to reset it is not needed.
=== Examples ===
----
==== Shift register ====
To switch a bank, a program will execute code similar to the following:


A program's reset code will reset the mapper first by writing a value of $80 through $FF to any address in $8000-$FFFF. To do any bankswitching, it will execute code similar to the following:
<pre>
<pre>
;
;
; Sets the switchable PRG ROM bank to the value of A.
; Sets the switchable PRG ROM bank to the value of A.
;
;
setPRGBank:
              ;  A          MMC1_SR  MMC1_PB
   sta $E000
setPRGBank:   ;  000edcba    10000            Start with an empty shift register (SR).  The 1 is used
   lsr a
   sta $E000   ;  000edcba -> a1000            to detect when the SR has become full.
   sta $E000
   lsr a       ; >0000edcb    a1000
   lsr a
   sta $E000   ;  0000edcb -> ba100
   sta $E000
   lsr a       ; >00000edc    ba100
   lsr a
   sta $E000   ;  00000edc -> cba10
   sta $E000
   lsr a       ; >000000ed    cba10
   lsr a
   sta $E000   ;  000000ed -> dcba1            Once a 1 is shifted into the last position, the SR is full.
   sta $E000
   lsr a       ; >0000000e    dcba1           
   sta $E000   ;  0000000e    dcba1 -> edcba    A write with the SR full copies D0 and the SR to a bank register
              ;              10000            ($E000-$FFFF means PRG bank number) and then clears the SR.
   rts
   rts
</pre>
</pre>
But because only the fifth write sets the destination register, the following equivalent (if obfuscated) subroutine changes the PRG ROM bank in the same manner:
 
But because only the fifth write sets the destination register, the following equivalent (if [[Watermarking#Instruction encoding|obfuscated]]) subroutine changes the PRG ROM bank in the same manner:
 
<pre>
<pre>
setPRGBank:
setPRGBank:
Line 56: Line 78:
</pre>
</pre>


==== Reset ====
To reset the mapper, which clears the shift register and sets the PRG ROM bank mode to 3 (fixing the last bank at $C000 and allowing the 16 KB bank at $8000 to be switched), one need only do a single write to any ROM address with a 1 in bit 7:
<pre>
resetMapper:
  lda #$80
  sta $8000
  rts
</pre>
Commonly, reset is done with an increment on a negative value to save 2 bytes. Because increment performs two writes, first writing the old value before the incremented one, it is recommended (such as for wider emulator compatibility) that the increment target a value that is negative on both writes, such as the INC opcode ($EE) itself:
<pre>
resetMapper:
  inc resetMapper
  rts
</pre>
Note that some games do a reset write to each of the 4 registers, even though it is only necessary to do 1 reset write to any register. It is suspected these games do this because of discrete logic implementations of MMC1 on development boards such as the MMC MULTI CHECKER-02, which uses separate shift registers for each MMC1 register.<ref>[https://forums.nesdev.org/viewtopic.php?t=25065 Forum thread:] MMC MULTI CHECKER-02 development board</ref>
=== Consecutive-cycle writes ===
----
When the serial port is written to on consecutive cycles, it ignores every write after the first. In practice, this only happens when the CPU executes read-modify-write instructions, which first write the original value before writing the modified one on the next cycle.<ref>[http://nesdev.org/6502_cpu.txt 6502_cpu.txt]. See the section labelled Instruction Timing, subsections Absolute addressing, Read-Modify-Write instructions</ref> This restriction only applies to the data being written on bit 0; the bit 7 reset is never ignored. ''Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure'' does a reset by using INC on a ROM location containing $FF and requires that the $00 write on the next cycle is ignored. ''Shinsenden'', however, uses illegal instruction $7F (RRA abs,X) to set bit 7 on the second write and will crash after selecting the みる (look) option if this reset is ignored.<ref>[https://forums.nesdev.org/viewtopic.php?t=23730 Forum thread:] ''Shinsenden'' crash and MMC1 reset findings</ref> This write-ignore behavior appears to be intentional and is believed to ignore all consecutive write cycles after the first even if that first write does not target the serial port.<ref>[https://forums.nesdev.org/viewtopic.php?p=91562#p91562 Forum post:] MMC1 write investigation</ref>
== Registers ==
=== Load register ($8000-$FFFF) ===
=== Load register ($8000-$FFFF) ===
  7  bit  0
  7  bit  0
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  |      |
  |      |
  |      +- Data bit to be shifted into shift register, LSB first
  |      +- Data bit to be shifted into shift register, LSB first
  +--------- 1: Reset shift register and write Control with (Control OR $0C),
  +--------- A write with bit set will reset shift register
              locking PRG ROM at $C000-$FFFF to the last bank.
            and write Control with (Control OR $0C),  
            locking PRG ROM at $C000-$FFFF to the last bank.
 
On consecutive-cycle writes, writes to the shift register (D0) after the first are ignored. See [[#Consecutive-cycle_writes|Consecutive-cycle writes]] for more details.


=== Control (internal, $8000-$9FFF) ===
=== Control (internal, $8000-$9FFF) ===
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  CPPMM
  CPPMM
  |||||
  |||||
  |||++- [[Mirroring]] (0: one-screen, lower bank; 1: one-screen, upper bank;
  |||++- [[Nametable]] arrangement: (0: one-screen, lower bank; 1: one-screen, upper bank;
  |||              2: vertical; 3: horizontal)
  |||              2: horizontal arrangement ("vertical mirroring", PPU A10);  
|||              3: vertical arrangement ("horizontal mirroring", PPU A11) )
  |++--- PRG ROM bank mode (0, 1: switch 32 KB at $8000, ignoring low bit of bank number;
  |++--- PRG ROM bank mode (0, 1: switch 32 KB at $8000, ignoring low bit of bank number;
  |                        2: fix first bank at $8000 and switch 16 KB bank at $C000;
  |                        2: fix first bank at $8000 and switch 16 KB bank at $C000;
  |                        3: fix last bank at $C000 and switch 16 KB bank at $8000)
  |                        3: fix last bank at $C000 and switch 16 KB bank at $8000)
  +----- CHR ROM bank mode (0: switch 8 KB at a time; 1: switch two separate 4 KB banks)
  +----- CHR ROM bank mode (0: switch 8 KB at a time; 1: switch two separate 4 KB banks)
Although [//forums.nesdev.org/viewtopic.php?t=6766 some tests have found that all versions of the MMC1 seems to reliably power on in the last bank] (by setting the "PRG ROM bank mode" to 3); [//forums.nesdev.org/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=14958 other tests have found that this is fragile]. Several commercial games have reset vectors every 32 KiB, but not every 16, so evidently PRG ROM bank mode 2 doesn't seem to occur randomly on power-up.


=== CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF) ===
=== CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF) ===
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  |||||
  |||||
  |++++- Select 16 KB PRG ROM bank (low bit ignored in 32 KB mode)
  |++++- Select 16 KB PRG ROM bank (low bit ignored in 32 KB mode)
  +----- PRG RAM chip enable (0: enabled; 1: disabled; ignored on MMC1A)
  +----- MMC1B and later: PRG RAM chip enable (0: enabled; 1: disabled; ignored on MMC1A)
        MMC1A: Bit 3 bypasses fixed bank logic in 16K mode (0: fixed bank affects A17-A14;
        1: fixed bank affects A16-A14 and bit 3 directly controls A17)
 
The high bit does not select a PRG ROM bank. MMC1 with 512K was supported by re-using a line from the CHR banking controls. (See [[#SOROM, SUROM and SXROM|below]].)


== Hardware ==
== Hardware ==


At least 6 different versions of the MMC1 are known to exist: MMC1, MMC1A, MMC1B1, MMC1B2, MMC1B3, and MMC1C. The known differences are as follows:
At least six different versions of the MMC1 are known to exist: MMC1, MMC1A, MMC1B1, MMC1B2, MMC1B2F, MMC1B3. Additionally, there is one unsubstantiated report about an MMC1C. The known differences relate to bit 4 of $E000.


* MMC1A: PRG RAM is always enabled
* MMC1A: PRG RAM is always enabled. Two games abuse this lack of feature: they have been allocated to [[iNES Mapper 155]]. Bit 4 of $E000 causes bit 3 to directly control PRG ROM A17 instead of going through the fixed bank logic.
* MMC1B: PRG RAM is enabled by default.
* MMC1B: PRG RAM is enabled by default, and $E000 bit 3 does not bypass the fixed bank.
* MMC1C: PRG RAM is disabled by default.
* MMC1C: PRG RAM is (reportedly) disabled by default, and $E000 bit 3 does not bypass the fixed bank.


The MMC1 most commonly exists in a [[Nintendo MMC1 Pinout|24-pin shrink-DIP package]].
The MMC1 most commonly exists in a [[MMC1 pinout|24-pin shrink-DIP package]].  An SOIC-24 incarnation MMC1B2F has been observed inside of a JRA-PAT Famicom Network System card.


Boards using an MMC1 may contain a battery connected to the PRG RAM's power line to preserve the data.
Boards using an MMC1 may contain a battery connected to the PRG RAM's power line to preserve the data.
Boards doing so will allow extra circuitery to be used, with 2 diodes and 2 resistors.
Boards doing so will allow extra circuitry to be used, with 2 diodes and 2 resistors.
A diode is needed from both voltage sources : The battery and the NES 5V, so that one cannot supply current to the other, and there is a resistor in series with the battery so that no current is drained from the battery when 5V is present. A pull-down resistor is needed on the CE line so that the SRAM is disabled when the MMC1 isn't powered. Finally, the battery powered SRAMs have an additional larger coupling capacity to make sure voltage transitions are smooth. Very early NES-SNROM-03 and lower revisions lacks that capcity, and saves are lost much more easily on those boards.
A diode is needed from both voltage sources: The battery and the NES 5V, so that one cannot supply current to the other, and there is a resistor in series with the battery as part of UL compliance. A pull-down resistor is needed on the CE line so that the SRAM is disabled when the MMC1 isn't powered. Finally, the battery powered SRAMs have an additional larger decoupling capacitor to make sure voltage transitions are smooth. Very early NES-SNROM-03 and lower revisions lacks that capcity, and saves are lost much more easily on those boards.


Nintendo transitioned from the original MMC1 (manufactured by ROHM) to the MMC1A (manufactured probably by Ricoh) around the 39th week of 1988. (Based on comparison of otherwise identical SMB/DH/WCTM carts from 38th and 39th weeks of '88)
Nintendo transitioned from the original MMC1 (manufactured by ROHM) to the MMC1A (manufactured probably by Ricoh) around the 39th week of 1988. (Based on comparison of otherwise identical SMB/DH/WCTM carts from 38th and 39th weeks of '88)
AX5904 is a third-party clone of the MMC1A.


== Variants ==
== Variants ==
The [[SUROM]], [[SOROM]], and [[SXROM]] boards are extensions of [[SNROM]], which has CHR RAM and PRG RAM.
Because CHR RAM doesn't need bankswitching, these boards use the CHR bank select lines to switch different things:
*SUROM uses the upper CHR bank select line coming out of the mapper to control the upper address line of its 512KB PRG ROM.
*SOROM uses a similar method, using the second-highest CHR bank select line to choose between two 8KB PRG RAM chips.
*SXROM is a combination of SOROM and SUROM, addressing both 512KB of PRG ROM and 32KB of PRG RAM.


In these scenarios, however, both CHR bank registers must be set to the same value (or the CHR bank size must be set to 8KB), or the PRG ROM/RAM will be bankswitched as the PPU renders, causing disastrous results.
Because the higher CHR lines aren't used when the MMC1 mapper is used with a 8KB CHR RAM, those lines are sometimes put to other uses depending on the board:
 
=== SNROM ===
----
==== CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF) ====
4bit0
-----
ExxxC
|  |
|  +- Select 4 KB CHR RAM bank at PPU $0000 (ignored in 8 KB mode)
+----- PRG RAM disable (0: enable, 1: open bus)
 
==== CHR bank 1 (internal, $C000-$DFFF) ====
4bit0
-----
ExxxC
|  |
|  +- Select 4 KB CHR RAM bank at PPU $1000 (ignored in 8 KB mode)
+----- PRG RAM disable (0: enable, 1: open bus) (ignored in 8 KB mode)
 
Both the <code>E</code> bit and the <code>R</code> bit (in standard MMC1 registers) should be clear in order for the PRG RAM to be writable or readable. This bit is more "reliable" on authentic hardware as it is implemented even in older boards with older MMC1's, while the <code>R</code> bit was only introduced later.
But because the <code>E</code> bit wasn't confirmed by the homebrew community until October 2010<ref>[http://forums.nesdev.org/viewtopic.php?t=7045 Forum topic:] NES SNROM to 512K cart?</ref>, emulators tend not to implement it.
 
=== SOROM, SUROM and SXROM ===
----
==== CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF) ====
4bit0
-----
PSSxC
||| |
||| +- Select 4 KB CHR RAM bank at PPU $0000 (ignored in 8 KB mode)
|++--- Select 8 KB PRG RAM bank
+----- Select 256 KB PRG ROM bank
 
==== CHR bank 1 (internal, $C000-$DFFF) ====
4bit0
-----
PSSxC
||| |
||| +- Select 4 KB CHR RAM bank at PPU $1000 (ignored in 8 KB mode)
|++--- Select 8 KB PRG RAM bank (ignored in 8 KB mode)
+----- Select 256 KB PRG ROM bank (ignored in 8 KB mode)
 
The SOROM board only implements the upper <code>S</code> bit, while the SUROM board only implements the <code>P</code> bit. For SXROM, the upper <code>S</code> (bit 3) selects the SRAM's A14, and the lower <code>S</code> (bit 2) selects A13<ref>[http://forums.nesdev.org/viewtopic.php?t=4596 Forum post:] Tracing the SXROM PCB</ref>.
 
The 256 KB PRG bank selection applies to all the PRG area, ''including the supposedly "fixed" bank''.
 
In 4KB CHR bank mode, SNROM's <code>E</code> bit and SO/U/XROM's <code>P</code> and <code>S</code> bits in both CHR bank registers must be set to the same values, or the PRG ROM and/or RAM will be bankswitched/enabled as the PPU renders, in a similar fashion as [[MMC3#Hardware|MMC3]]'s scanline counter. As there is not much of a reason to use 4 KB bankswitching with CHR RAM, it is wise for programs to just set 8 KB bankswitching mode in the [[MMC1#Control (internal, $8000-$9FFF)|Control register]].
 
=== SZROM ===
----
==== CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF) ====
4bit0
-----
RCCCC
|||||
|++++- Select 4 KB CHR ROM bank at PPU $0000 (low bit ignored in 8 KB mode)
+----- Select 8 KB PRG RAM bank
 
==== CHR bank 1 (internal, $C000-$DFFF) ====
4bit0
-----
RCCCC
|||||
|++++- Select 4 KB CHR ROM bank at PPU $1000 (ignored in 8 KB mode)
+----- Select 8 KB PRG RAM bank (ignored in 8 KB mode)
 
SZROM behaves similarly to SOROM, except that the PRG RAM bank is a controlled by a different bit, and enough CHR is present that 4K bankswitching is desirable. The only currently-known game on SZROM is ''A Ressha de Ikou''.
 
SZROM can be detected by a NES2.0 header specifying 8K of PRG RAM, 8K of PRG NV RAM, and 16K or more of CHR.
 
=== 2ME ===
----
This board, used with the [[Famicom Network System]] (FCNS), features 64 big-endian 16-bit words of EEPROM in addition to up to 32 KB of battery-backed PRG-RAM. Because FCNS cartridges are not on the PPU bus, all PPU-related MMC1 outputs are repurposed for EEPROM and PRG-RAM storage. The EEPROM's data output is mapped to $6000-7FFF bit 0 when enabled, and its command and data interface can be found in the 93LC46 datasheet. Note that open bus for this board is card open bus, which is open bus on the card side of the FCNS, not the console side.
 
2ME is assigned [[NES_2.0_submappers#001:_MMC1|NES 2.0 MMC1 submapper 6]] and uses an MMC1B.
 
==== Control (internal, $8000-9FFF) ====
7  bit  0
---- ----
...I PPEE
    | ||||
    | ||++- EEPROM CS (01 = enabled, otherwise disabled)
    | ++--- PRG ROM bank mode (see [[MMC1#Control_(internal,_$8000-$9FFF)|standard register definition]])
    +------ EEPROM DI enable (0 = DI forced to 0, 1 = DI output enabled)
 
The graphics-related bits here are repurposed for EEPROM enables. Because the MMC1's PPU A12-10 inputs are grounded on the 2ME board, settings that would normally vary based on PPU fetches such as the nametable arrangement and active CHR register are instead fixed.
* The CIRAM A10 output is used as the EEPROM's CS input and will be always true in upper-bank single screen arrangement and always false otherwise.
* The lowest CHR register bit is used for the EEPROM's DI input, but can only be non-zero in 4 KB banking mode. The second CHR register ($C000-DFFF) is unused in this mode because the PPU inputs are fixed such that they'll never point into the upper half of the pattern table space.
 
==== CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-BFFF) ====
7  bit  0
---- ----
...O RRCI
    | ||||
    | |||+- EEPROM DI
    | ||+-- EEPROM CLK
    | |+--- PRG-RAM A13
    | +---- PRG-RAM A14
    +------ PRG-RAM /CE, and EEPROM DO +OE (0 = PRG-RAM enabled, 1 = EEPROM DO enabled)
 
* EEPROM DI allows sending commands or data to the EEPROM. It is forced to 0 if 4 KB banking is not enabled via $8000 bit 4.
* EEPROM CLK is used to transition to the next bit when reading from or writing to the EEPROM.
* PRG-RAM banking uses the same bit order as SXROM.
* The PRG-RAM /CE and EEPROM DO +OE bit acts as a selector for $6000-7FFF between PRG-RAM access and EEPROM read. The PRG-RAM enable matches the behavior of SNROM. While EEPROM is selected, bits 7-1 always return card open bus and bit 0 returns any data currently outputted by the EEPROM or card open bus otherwise.
 
==== PRG bank (internal, $E000-FFFF) ====
7  bit  0
---- ----
...D PPPP
    | ||||
    | ++++- PRG ROM bank (see [[MMC1#PRG_bank_(internal,_$E000-$FFFF)|standard register definition]])
    +------ $6000-7FFF disable (0 = enabled, 1 = disabled)
 
If $6000-7FFF is disabled, then neither PRG-RAM nor EEPROM can be accessed through this region and reads return card open bus. EEPROM can still be written, however, because the DI input does not use this region.
 
== iNES Mapper 001 ==
 
'''iNES Mapper 001''' is used to designate the [[SxROM]] boardset, all of which use Nintendo's '''MMC1'''.
 
Because some MMC1 boards (e.g. SOROM, SUROM and SXROM) used the upper CHR bank select lines instead to select additional PRG ROM or PRG RAM data, these bits should be assigned as follows:
 
$A000 and $C000:
4bit0
-----
EDCBA
|||||
||||+- CHR A12
|||+-- CHR A13 if CHR >= 16k
||+--- CHR A14 if CHR >= 32k; and PRG RAM A13 if PRG RAM = 32k
|+---- CHR A15 if CHR >= 64k; and PRG RAM A13 if PRG RAM = 16k
|                              or PRG RAM A14 if PRG RAM = 32k
+----- CHR A16 if CHR = 128k; and PRG ROM A18 if PRG ROM = 512k
 
The <code>E</code> bit also acts as a PRG RAM disable for SNROM (PRG ROM <= 256k, CHR RAM = 8k, PRG RAM = 8k), though this is merely for write protection and not strictly required for compatible emulation.
 
The <code>D</code> bit used by SOROM (16k PRG RAM) and SXROM (32k PRG RAM) controls a different address line depending on the board type. Using A13 for <code>D</code> with both boards and A14 for <code>C</code> will work, but will break SXROM save file compatibility with correct implementations.
 
[[NES 2.0]] is required to specify PRG-RAM size. Without NES 2.0 the PRG-RAM size has to be assumed (32k may be sufficient for compatibility).
 
Boards designed for 32k PRG-ROM (SEROM, SHROM, and SH1ROM) do not connect PRG A14 to the MMC1, disabling PRG banking. For compatibility with these, the emulator may switch to PRG bank 0 at power-on. SIROM supports banked 32k PRG, however.


== References ==
== References ==
*[http://nesdev.parodius.com/mmc1.txt "Nintendo MMC1 info for 8-bit NES carts" by Matthew J. Richey]
<References/>
* US Patent 4,949,298


== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[Programming MMC1]]
*[[Programming MMC1]]
*[[MMC1 pinout]]
*[http://nesdev.org/mmc1.txt "Nintendo MMC1 info for 8-bit NES carts" by Matthew J. Richey]
*[http://kevtris.org/mappers/mmc1/index.html MMC1 doc by Kevin Horton]
*[http://nesdev.org/mappers.zip Comprehensive NES Mapper Document] by \Firebug\, information on SUROM/SXROM carts (512k carts, 1024k carts) is inaccurate
*[https://patents.google.com/patent/US4949298A/en US Patent 4,949,298]
[[Category:Mappers with large PRG RAM]][[Category:Mappers with single-screen mirroring]]

Latest revision as of 21:43, 30 October 2024


MMC1
SxROM
Company Nintendo, others
Games 390 in NesCartDB
Complexity ASIC
Boards SKROM, SLROM,
SNROM, others
Pinout MMC1 pinout
PRG ROM capacity 256K (512K)
PRG ROM window 16K + 16K fixed or 32K
PRG RAM capacity 32K
PRG RAM window 8K
CHR capacity 128K
CHR window 4K + 4K or 8K
Nametable mirroring H, V, or 1, switchable
Bus conflicts No
IRQ No
Audio No
iNES mappers 001, 105, 155

The Nintendo MMC1 is a mapper ASIC used in Nintendo's SxROM and NES-EVENT Game Pak boards. Most common SxROM boards are assigned to iNES Mapper 1. This chip first appeared in the April of 1987.

Banks

  • CPU $6000-$7FFF: 8 KB PRG RAM bank, (optional)
  • CPU $8000-$BFFF: 16 KB PRG ROM bank, either switchable or fixed to the first bank
  • CPU $C000-$FFFF: 16 KB PRG ROM bank, either fixed to the last bank or switchable
  • PPU $0000-$0FFF: 4 KB switchable CHR bank
  • PPU $1000-$1FFF: 4 KB switchable CHR bank

Through writes to the MMC1 control register, it is possible for the program to swap the fixed and switchable PRG ROM banks or to set up 32 KB PRG bankswitching (like BNROM), but most games use the default setup, which is similar to that of UxROM.

Interface

Unlike almost all other mappers, the MMC1 is configured through a serial port in order to reduce its pin count. CPU $8000-$FFFF is connected to a common shift register. Writing a value with bit 7 set ($80 through $FF) to any address in $8000-$FFFF clears the shift register to its initial state. To change a register's value, the CPU writes five times with bit 7 clear and one bit of the desired value in bit 0 (starting with the low bit of the value). On the first four writes, the MMC1 shifts bit 0 into a shift register. On the fifth write, the MMC1 copies bit 0 and the shift register contents into an internal register selected by bits 14 and 13 of the address, and then it clears the shift register. Only on the fifth write does the address matter, and even then, only bits 14 and 13 of the address matter because the mapper doesn't see the lower address bits (similar to the mirroring seen with PPU registers). After the fifth write, the shift register is cleared automatically, so writing again with bit 7 set to clear the shift register is not needed.

Examples

Shift register

To switch a bank, a program will execute code similar to the following: 

;
; Sets the switchable PRG ROM bank to the value of A.
;
              ;  A          MMC1_SR  MMC1_PB
setPRGBank:   ;  000edcba    10000             Start with an empty shift register (SR).  The 1 is used
  sta $E000   ;  000edcba -> a1000             to detect when the SR has become full.
  lsr a       ; >0000edcb    a1000
  sta $E000   ;  0000edcb -> ba100
  lsr a       ; >00000edc    ba100
  sta $E000   ;  00000edc -> cba10
  lsr a       ; >000000ed    cba10
  sta $E000   ;  000000ed -> dcba1             Once a 1 is shifted into the last position, the SR is full.
  lsr a       ; >0000000e    dcba1             
  sta $E000   ;  0000000e    dcba1 -> edcba    A write with the SR full copies D0 and the SR to a bank register
              ;              10000             ($E000-$FFFF means PRG bank number) and then clears the SR.
  rts

But because only the fifth write sets the destination register, the following equivalent (if obfuscated) subroutine changes the PRG ROM bank in the same manner: 

setPRGBank:
  sta $8765
  lsr a
  sta $FACE
  lsr a
  sta $BA11
  lsr a
  sta $AD2E
  lsr a
  sta $EAD5
  rts

Reset

To reset the mapper, which clears the shift register and sets the PRG ROM bank mode to 3 (fixing the last bank at $C000 and allowing the 16 KB bank at $8000 to be switched), one need only do a single write to any ROM address with a 1 in bit 7: 

resetMapper:
  lda #$80
  sta $8000
  rts

Commonly, reset is done with an increment on a negative value to save 2 bytes. Because increment performs two writes, first writing the old value before the incremented one, it is recommended (such as for wider emulator compatibility) that the increment target a value that is negative on both writes, such as the INC opcode ($EE) itself: 

resetMapper:
  inc resetMapper
  rts

Note that some games do a reset write to each of the 4 registers, even though it is only necessary to do 1 reset write to any register. It is suspected these games do this because of discrete logic implementations of MMC1 on development boards such as the MMC MULTI CHECKER-02, which uses separate shift registers for each MMC1 register.[1]

Consecutive-cycle writes

When the serial port is written to on consecutive cycles, it ignores every write after the first. In practice, this only happens when the CPU executes read-modify-write instructions, which first write the original value before writing the modified one on the next cycle.[2] This restriction only applies to the data being written on bit 0; the bit 7 reset is never ignored. Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure does a reset by using INC on a ROM location containing $FF and requires that the $00 write on the next cycle is ignored. Shinsenden, however, uses illegal instruction $7F (RRA abs,X) to set bit 7 on the second write and will crash after selecting the みる (look) option if this reset is ignored.[3] This write-ignore behavior appears to be intentional and is believed to ignore all consecutive write cycles after the first even if that first write does not target the serial port.[4]

Registers

Load register ($8000-$FFFF)

7  bit  0
---- ----
Rxxx xxxD
|       |
|       +- Data bit to be shifted into shift register, LSB first
+--------- A write with bit set will reset shift register
            and write Control with (Control OR $0C), 
            locking PRG ROM at $C000-$FFFF to the last bank.

On consecutive-cycle writes, writes to the shift register (D0) after the first are ignored. See Consecutive-cycle writes for more details.

Control (internal, $8000-$9FFF)

4bit0
-----
CPPMM
|||||
|||++- Nametable arrangement: (0: one-screen, lower bank; 1: one-screen, upper bank;
|||               2: horizontal arrangement ("vertical mirroring", PPU A10); 
|||               3: vertical arrangement ("horizontal mirroring", PPU A11) )
|++--- PRG ROM bank mode (0, 1: switch 32 KB at $8000, ignoring low bit of bank number;
|                         2: fix first bank at $8000 and switch 16 KB bank at $C000;
|                         3: fix last bank at $C000 and switch 16 KB bank at $8000)
+----- CHR ROM bank mode (0: switch 8 KB at a time; 1: switch two separate 4 KB banks)

Although some tests have found that all versions of the MMC1 seems to reliably power on in the last bank (by setting the "PRG ROM bank mode" to 3); other tests have found that this is fragile. Several commercial games have reset vectors every 32 KiB, but not every 16, so evidently PRG ROM bank mode 2 doesn't seem to occur randomly on power-up.

CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF)

4bit0
-----
CCCCC
|||||
+++++- Select 4 KB or 8 KB CHR bank at PPU $0000 (low bit ignored in 8 KB mode)

MMC1 can do CHR banking in 4KB chunks. Known carts with CHR RAM have 8 KiB, so that makes 2 banks. RAM vs ROM doesn't make any difference for address lines. For carts with 8 KiB of CHR (be it ROM or RAM), MMC1 follows the common behavior of using only the low-order bits: the bank number is in effect ANDed with 1.

CHR bank 1 (internal, $C000-$DFFF)

4bit0
-----
CCCCC
|||||
+++++- Select 4 KB CHR bank at PPU $1000 (ignored in 8 KB mode)

PRG bank (internal, $E000-$FFFF)

4bit0
-----
RPPPP
|||||
|++++- Select 16 KB PRG ROM bank (low bit ignored in 32 KB mode)
+----- MMC1B and later: PRG RAM chip enable (0: enabled; 1: disabled; ignored on MMC1A)
       MMC1A: Bit 3 bypasses fixed bank logic in 16K mode (0: fixed bank affects A17-A14;
       1: fixed bank affects A16-A14 and bit 3 directly controls A17)

The high bit does not select a PRG ROM bank. MMC1 with 512K was supported by re-using a line from the CHR banking controls. (See below.)

Hardware

At least six different versions of the MMC1 are known to exist: MMC1, MMC1A, MMC1B1, MMC1B2, MMC1B2F, MMC1B3. Additionally, there is one unsubstantiated report about an MMC1C. The known differences relate to bit 4 of $E000.

  • MMC1A: PRG RAM is always enabled. Two games abuse this lack of feature: they have been allocated to iNES Mapper 155. Bit 4 of $E000 causes bit 3 to directly control PRG ROM A17 instead of going through the fixed bank logic.
  • MMC1B: PRG RAM is enabled by default, and $E000 bit 3 does not bypass the fixed bank.
  • MMC1C: PRG RAM is (reportedly) disabled by default, and $E000 bit 3 does not bypass the fixed bank.

The MMC1 most commonly exists in a 24-pin shrink-DIP package. An SOIC-24 incarnation MMC1B2F has been observed inside of a JRA-PAT Famicom Network System card.

Boards using an MMC1 may contain a battery connected to the PRG RAM's power line to preserve the data. Boards doing so will allow extra circuitry to be used, with 2 diodes and 2 resistors. A diode is needed from both voltage sources: The battery and the NES 5V, so that one cannot supply current to the other, and there is a resistor in series with the battery as part of UL compliance. A pull-down resistor is needed on the CE line so that the SRAM is disabled when the MMC1 isn't powered. Finally, the battery powered SRAMs have an additional larger decoupling capacitor to make sure voltage transitions are smooth. Very early NES-SNROM-03 and lower revisions lacks that capcity, and saves are lost much more easily on those boards.

Nintendo transitioned from the original MMC1 (manufactured by ROHM) to the MMC1A (manufactured probably by Ricoh) around the 39th week of 1988. (Based on comparison of otherwise identical SMB/DH/WCTM carts from 38th and 39th weeks of '88)

AX5904 is a third-party clone of the MMC1A.

Variants

Because the higher CHR lines aren't used when the MMC1 mapper is used with a 8KB CHR RAM, those lines are sometimes put to other uses depending on the board:

SNROM

CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF)

4bit0
-----
ExxxC
|   |
|   +- Select 4 KB CHR RAM bank at PPU $0000 (ignored in 8 KB mode)
+----- PRG RAM disable (0: enable, 1: open bus)

CHR bank 1 (internal, $C000-$DFFF)

4bit0
-----
ExxxC
|   |
|   +- Select 4 KB CHR RAM bank at PPU $1000 (ignored in 8 KB mode)
+----- PRG RAM disable (0: enable, 1: open bus) (ignored in 8 KB mode)

Both the E bit and the R bit (in standard MMC1 registers) should be clear in order for the PRG RAM to be writable or readable. This bit is more "reliable" on authentic hardware as it is implemented even in older boards with older MMC1's, while the R bit was only introduced later. But because the E bit wasn't confirmed by the homebrew community until October 2010[5], emulators tend not to implement it.

SOROM, SUROM and SXROM

CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF)

4bit0
-----
PSSxC
||| |
||| +- Select 4 KB CHR RAM bank at PPU $0000 (ignored in 8 KB mode)
|++--- Select 8 KB PRG RAM bank
+----- Select 256 KB PRG ROM bank

CHR bank 1 (internal, $C000-$DFFF)

4bit0
-----
PSSxC
||| |
||| +- Select 4 KB CHR RAM bank at PPU $1000 (ignored in 8 KB mode)
|++--- Select 8 KB PRG RAM bank (ignored in 8 KB mode)
+----- Select 256 KB PRG ROM bank (ignored in 8 KB mode)

The SOROM board only implements the upper S bit, while the SUROM board only implements the P bit. For SXROM, the upper S (bit 3) selects the SRAM's A14, and the lower S (bit 2) selects A13[6].

The 256 KB PRG bank selection applies to all the PRG area, including the supposedly "fixed" bank.

In 4KB CHR bank mode, SNROM's E bit and SO/U/XROM's P and S bits in both CHR bank registers must be set to the same values, or the PRG ROM and/or RAM will be bankswitched/enabled as the PPU renders, in a similar fashion as MMC3's scanline counter. As there is not much of a reason to use 4 KB bankswitching with CHR RAM, it is wise for programs to just set 8 KB bankswitching mode in the Control register.

SZROM

CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF)

4bit0
-----
RCCCC
|||||
|++++- Select 4 KB CHR ROM bank at PPU $0000 (low bit ignored in 8 KB mode)
+----- Select 8 KB PRG RAM bank

CHR bank 1 (internal, $C000-$DFFF)

4bit0
-----
RCCCC
|||||
|++++- Select 4 KB CHR ROM bank at PPU $1000 (ignored in 8 KB mode)
+----- Select 8 KB PRG RAM bank (ignored in 8 KB mode)

SZROM behaves similarly to SOROM, except that the PRG RAM bank is a controlled by a different bit, and enough CHR is present that 4K bankswitching is desirable. The only currently-known game on SZROM is A Ressha de Ikou.

SZROM can be detected by a NES2.0 header specifying 8K of PRG RAM, 8K of PRG NV RAM, and 16K or more of CHR.

2ME

This board, used with the Famicom Network System (FCNS), features 64 big-endian 16-bit words of EEPROM in addition to up to 32 KB of battery-backed PRG-RAM. Because FCNS cartridges are not on the PPU bus, all PPU-related MMC1 outputs are repurposed for EEPROM and PRG-RAM storage. The EEPROM's data output is mapped to $6000-7FFF bit 0 when enabled, and its command and data interface can be found in the 93LC46 datasheet. Note that open bus for this board is card open bus, which is open bus on the card side of the FCNS, not the console side.

2ME is assigned NES 2.0 MMC1 submapper 6 and uses an MMC1B.

Control (internal, $8000-9FFF)

7  bit  0
---- ----
...I PPEE
   | ||||
   | ||++- EEPROM CS (01 = enabled, otherwise disabled)
   | ++--- PRG ROM bank mode (see standard register definition)
   +------ EEPROM DI enable (0 = DI forced to 0, 1 = DI output enabled)

The graphics-related bits here are repurposed for EEPROM enables. Because the MMC1's PPU A12-10 inputs are grounded on the 2ME board, settings that would normally vary based on PPU fetches such as the nametable arrangement and active CHR register are instead fixed.

  • The CIRAM A10 output is used as the EEPROM's CS input and will be always true in upper-bank single screen arrangement and always false otherwise.
  • The lowest CHR register bit is used for the EEPROM's DI input, but can only be non-zero in 4 KB banking mode. The second CHR register ($C000-DFFF) is unused in this mode because the PPU inputs are fixed such that they'll never point into the upper half of the pattern table space.

CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-BFFF)

7  bit  0
---- ----
...O RRCI
   | ||||
   | |||+- EEPROM DI
   | ||+-- EEPROM CLK
   | |+--- PRG-RAM A13
   | +---- PRG-RAM A14
   +------ PRG-RAM /CE, and EEPROM DO +OE (0 = PRG-RAM enabled, 1 = EEPROM DO enabled)
  • EEPROM DI allows sending commands or data to the EEPROM. It is forced to 0 if 4 KB banking is not enabled via $8000 bit 4.
  • EEPROM CLK is used to transition to the next bit when reading from or writing to the EEPROM.
  • PRG-RAM banking uses the same bit order as SXROM.
  • The PRG-RAM /CE and EEPROM DO +OE bit acts as a selector for $6000-7FFF between PRG-RAM access and EEPROM read. The PRG-RAM enable matches the behavior of SNROM. While EEPROM is selected, bits 7-1 always return card open bus and bit 0 returns any data currently outputted by the EEPROM or card open bus otherwise.

PRG bank (internal, $E000-FFFF)

7  bit  0
---- ----
...D PPPP
   | ||||
   | ++++- PRG ROM bank (see standard register definition)
   +------ $6000-7FFF disable (0 = enabled, 1 = disabled)

If $6000-7FFF is disabled, then neither PRG-RAM nor EEPROM can be accessed through this region and reads return card open bus. EEPROM can still be written, however, because the DI input does not use this region.

iNES Mapper 001

iNES Mapper 001 is used to designate the SxROM boardset, all of which use Nintendo's MMC1.

Because some MMC1 boards (e.g. SOROM, SUROM and SXROM) used the upper CHR bank select lines instead to select additional PRG ROM or PRG RAM data, these bits should be assigned as follows: 

$A000 and $C000:
4bit0
-----
EDCBA
|||||
||||+- CHR A12
|||+-- CHR A13 if CHR >= 16k
||+--- CHR A14 if CHR >= 32k; and PRG RAM A13 if PRG RAM = 32k
|+---- CHR A15 if CHR >= 64k; and PRG RAM A13 if PRG RAM = 16k
|                              or PRG RAM A14 if PRG RAM = 32k
+----- CHR A16 if CHR = 128k; and PRG ROM A18 if PRG ROM = 512k

The E bit also acts as a PRG RAM disable for SNROM (PRG ROM <= 256k, CHR RAM = 8k, PRG RAM = 8k), though this is merely for write protection and not strictly required for compatible emulation.

The D bit used by SOROM (16k PRG RAM) and SXROM (32k PRG RAM) controls a different address line depending on the board type. Using A13 for D with both boards and A14 for C will work, but will break SXROM save file compatibility with correct implementations.

NES 2.0 is required to specify PRG-RAM size. Without NES 2.0 the PRG-RAM size has to be assumed (32k may be sufficient for compatibility).

Boards designed for 32k PRG-ROM (SEROM, SHROM, and SH1ROM) do not connect PRG A14 to the MMC1, disabling PRG banking. For compatibility with these, the emulator may switch to PRG bank 0 at power-on. SIROM supports banked 32k PRG, however.

References

  1. ↑ Forum thread: MMC MULTI CHECKER-02 development board
  2. ↑ 6502_cpu.txt. See the section labelled Instruction Timing, subsections Absolute addressing, Read-Modify-Write instructions
  3. ↑ Forum thread: Shinsenden crash and MMC1 reset findings
  4. ↑ Forum post: MMC1 write investigation
  5. ↑ Forum topic: NES SNROM to 512K cart?
  6. ↑ Forum post: Tracing the SXROM PCB

See also

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