MMC3
TxROM
| Company | Nintendo, others |
| Games | 300 in NesCartDB |
| Complexity | ASIC |
| Boards | TSROM, others |
| PRG ROM capacity | 512K |
| PRG ROM window | 8K + 8K + 16K fixed |
| PRG RAM capacity | 8K |
| PRG RAM window | 8K |
| CHR capacity | 256K |
| CHR window | 2Kx2 + 4Kx1 |
| Nametable mirroring | H or V, switchable, or 4 fixed |
| Bus conflicts | No |
| IRQ | Yes |
| Audio | No |
| iNES mappers | 004 |
The Nintendo MMC3 is a mapper ASIC used in Nintendo's TxROM Game Pak boards. Most common TxROM boards, along with the NES-HKROM board (which uses the Nintendo MMC6) are assigned to iNES Mapper 004; the TKSROM and TLSROM boards are assigned to iNES Mapper 118, and TQROM is assigned to iNES Mapper 119. This chip first appeared in the fourth quarter of 1988.
Banks
- CPU $6000-$7FFF: 8 KB PRG RAM bank
- CPU $8000-$9FFF (or $C000-$DFFF): 8 KB switchable PRG ROM bank
- CPU $A000-$BFFF: 8 KB switchable PRG ROM bank
- CPU $C000-$DFFF (or $8000-$9FFF): 8 KB PRG ROM bank, fixed to the second-last bank
- CPU $E000-$FFFF: 8 KB PRG ROM bank, fixed to the last bank
- PPU $0000-$07FF (or $1000-$17FF): 2 KB switchable CHR bank
- PPU $0800-$0FFF (or $1800-$1FFF): 2 KB switchable CHR bank
- PPU $1000-$13FF (or $0000-$03FF): 1 KB switchable CHR bank
- PPU $1400-$17FF (or $0400-$07FF): 1 KB switchable CHR bank
- PPU $1800-$1BFF (or $0800-$0BFF): 1 KB switchable CHR bank
- PPU $1C00-$1FFF (or $0C00-$0FFF): 1 KB switchable CHR bank
Registers
The MMC3 has 4 pairs of registers at $8000-$9FFF, $A000-$BFFF, $C000-$DFFF, and $E000-$FFFF - even addresses ($8000, $8002, etc.) select the low register and odd addresses ($8001, $8003, etc.) select the high register in each pair. These can be broken into two independent functional units: memory mapping ($8000, $8001, $A000, $A001) and scanline counting ($C000, $C001, $E000, $E001).
Bank select ($8000-$9FFE, even)
7 bit 0
---- ----
CPxx xRRR
|| |||
|| +++- Specify which bank register to update on next write to Bank Data register
|| 0: Select 2 KB CHR bank at PPU $0000-$07FF (or $1000-$17FF);
|| 1: Select 2 KB CHR bank at PPU $0800-$0FFF (or $1800-$1FFF);
|| 2: Select 1 KB CHR bank at PPU $1000-$13FF (or $0000-$03FF);
|| 3: Select 1 KB CHR bank at PPU $1400-$17FF (or $0400-$07FF);
|| 4: Select 1 KB CHR bank at PPU $1800-$1BFF (or $0800-$0BFF);
|| 5: Select 1 KB CHR bank at PPU $1C00-$1FFF (or $0C00-$0FFF);
|| 6: Select 8 KB PRG ROM bank at $8000-$9FFF (or $C000-$DFFF);
|| 7: Select 8 KB PRG ROM bank at $A000-$BFFF
|+-------- PRG ROM bank mode (0: $8000-$9FFF swappable,
| $C000-$DFFF fixed to second-last bank;
| 1: $C000-$DFFF swappable,
| $8000-$9FFF fixed to second-last bank)
+--------- CHR A12 inversion (0: two 2 KB banks at $0000-$0FFF,
four 1 KB banks at $1000-$1FFF;
1: two 2 KB banks at $1000-$1FFF,
four 1 KB banks at $0000-$0FFF)
CHR Banks
| When $8000 & #$80 | is 0 | is #$80 |
|---|---|---|
| PPU Bank | Value of MMC3 register | |
| $0000-$03FF | R0 AND $FE | R2 |
| $0400-$07FF | R0 OR 1 | R3 |
| $0800-$0BFF | R1 AND $FE | R4 |
| $0C00-$0FFF | R1 OR 1 | R5 |
| $1000-$13FF | R2 | R0 AND $FE |
| $1400-$17FF | R3 | R0 OR 1 |
| $1800-$1BFF | R4 | R1 AND $FE |
| $1C00-$1FFF | R5 | R1 OR 1 |
PRG Banks
| When $8000 & #$40 | is 0 | is #$40 |
|---|---|---|
| CPU Bank | Value of MMC3 register | |
| $8000-$9FFF | R6 | (-2) |
| $A000-$BFFF | R7 | R7 |
| $C000-$DFFF | (-2) | R6 |
| $E000-$FFFF | (-1) | (-1) |
- (-1) : the last bank, in a proper MMC3, the 63rd
- (-2) : the penultimate bank; properly the 62nd
Bank data ($8001-$9FFF, odd)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- DDDD DDDD |||| |||| ++++-++++- New bank value, based on last value written to Bank select register (mentioned above)
The PRG banks are 8192 bytes in size, half the size of an iNES PRG bank. If your emulator or copier handles PRG data in 16384 byte chunks, you can think of the lower bit as selecting the first or second half of the bank:[1]
7 bit 0 When $8000 AND #$06 == #$06 ---- ---- xxBB BBBH || |||| || |||+- 0: Select first half of this bank; || ||| 1: Select second half of this bank ++-+++-- Select 16 KB PRG bank at $8000-$9FFF, $A000-$BFFF, or $C000-$DFFF
Writes to registers 6 and 7 always ignore bits 6 and 7, as the MMC3 has only 6 PRG ROM address output lines. Writes to registers 0 and 1 always ignore bit 0, loading the value AND #$FE into the first half and the value OR #$01 into the second half of the 2 KiB bank.
Mirroring ($A000-$BFFE, even)
7 bit 0
---- ----
xxxx xxxM
|
+- Nametable mirroring (0: vertical; 1: horizontal)
This bit has no effect on Rad Racer II, which uses the TVROM board, because TVROM is hardwired to 4-screen VRAM. In the iNES and NES 2.0 formats, TVROM can be identified through bit 3 of byte $06 of the header.
PRG RAM protect ($A001-$BFFF, odd)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- RWxx xxxx || |+-------- Write protection (0: allow writes; 1: deny writes) +--------- Chip enable (0: disable chip; 1: enable chip)
Though these bits are functional on the MMC3, their main purpose is to write protect save RAM during power-off. Many emulators choose not to implement them as part of iNES Mapper 4 to avoid an incompatibility with the MMC6 used by the StarTropics games, also assigned to mapper 4. See: MMC3 + MMC6 implementation
Low-G Man used an MMC3 board with no PRG RAM, but contains a software bug that relies on open bus behavior in the RAM's range. Conveniently, its software also uses the chip enable bits of this register to disable PRG RAM, so it may also function correctly on a board with PRG RAM. The NES 2.0 format can be used to specify 0 PRG RAM, but the original iNES format lacks this.
IRQ latch ($C000-$DFFE, even)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- DDDD DDDD |||| |||| ++++-++++- IRQ latch value
This register specifies the IRQ counter reload value. When the IRQ counter is zero (or a reload is requested through $C001), this value will be copied to the IRQ counter at the NEXT rising edge of the PPU address, presumably at PPU cycle 260 of the current scanline.
IRQ reload ($C001-$DFFF, odd)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- xxxx xxxx
Writing any value to this register reloads the MMC3 IRQ counter at the NEXT rising edge of the PPU address, presumably at PPU cycle 260 of the current scanline.
IRQ disable ($E000-$FFFE, even)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- xxxx xxxx
Writing any value to this register will disable MMC3 interrupts AND acknowledge any pending interrupts.
IRQ enable ($E001-$FFFF, odd)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- xxxx xxxx
Writing any value to this register will enable MMC3 interrupts.
Hardware
The MMC3 most commonly exists in a 44-pin TQFP package. Three revisions are known to exist - MMC3A, MMC3B, and MMC3C. No major behavioral differences are known, except for the IRQ counter.
The MMC3 scanline counter is based entirely on PPU A12, triggered on rising edges (after the line remains low for two rising edges of M2).
The counter is based on the following trick: whenever rendering is turned on in the PPU, it fetches nametable and BG pattern tiles from dots 0-255 and 320-340 of a scanline and fetches sprite patterns from dots 256-319, even if no sprites are visible. Because of this, if BG uses the left pattern table ($0000), and if sprites always use the right pattern table ($1000), A12 will remain low during all nametable and BG pattern fetches, and high during all sprite pattern fetches, causing it to oscillate exactly one time per scanline and 241 times per frame. It may oscillate more if the program uses registers $2006 and $2007 to access PPU $1000-$1FFF during vblank, but this is rare because very few games have MMC3 and CHR RAM (two on TQROM and three on TGROM among NES games, and a couple more Famicom-only games). The scanline counter will also work when the BG uses the right pattern table ($1000) and the sprites use the left pattern table ($0000), but this is less common.
The MMC3 IRQ has two revisions that work slightly different [2].
- For the alternate version, the reload flag is set to true when writing to $C001.
- When the scanline counter is clocked, the value will first be checked. If it is zero or the reload flag is set to true, it will be reloaded from the IRQ latch ($C000); otherwise, it will decrement. If the scanline counter is zero, an IRQ will be fired if IRQ generation is enabled (by writing to $E001); also, the alternate version checks if the scanline counter is zero and the previous value is non-zero, whether from decrementing or reloading.
Regarding PPU A12 rises:
- If the BG uses $0000, and the sprites use $1000, then the IRQ will occur after PPU cycle 260 (as in, a little after the visible part of the target scanline has ended).
- If the BG uses $1000, and the sprites use $0000, then the IRQ will occur after PPU cycle 324 of the previous scanline (as in, right before the target scanline is about to be drawn).
- When using 8x16 sprites: When there are less than 8 sprites on a scanline, the PPU makes a dummy fetch to tile $FF for each leftover sprite. In 8x16 sprite mode, tile $FF corresponds to the right pattern table ($1000).
Important points:
- The scanline counter cannot be stopped. It will continue to decrement and reload as long as PPU A12 on the PPU bus toggles.
- There is no direct access to the counter! The best you can do is update the reload value and immediately request a reload.
- Writing to $E000 will only prevent the MMC3 from generating IRQs - the counter will continue to run.
- Writing to $E001 will simply allow the MMC3 to generate IRQs - the counter remains unaffected.
- Writing to $C001 will cause the counter to be cleared, and set reload flag to true. It will be reloaded on the NEXT rising edge of the PPU A12.
- Writing to $C000 does not immediately affect the value within the counter - this value is only used when the counter is reloaded, whether from reaching 0 or from writing to $C001.
- The exact number of scanlines between IRQs is N+1, where N is the value written to $C000. 1 (Sharp MMC3B, MMC3C) or 2 (MMC3A, Non-Sharp MMC3B) to 256 scanlines are supported.
- The counter will not work properly unless you use different pattern tables for background and sprite data. The standard configuration is to use PPU $0000-$0FFF for background tiles and $1000-$1FFF for sprite tiles, whether 8x8 or 8x16.
- The counter is clocked on each rising edge of PPU A12, no matter what caused it, so it is possible to (intentionally or not) clock the counter by writing to $2006.
There's a slight discrepancy with what happens when you set $C000 to $00, and so far, two behaviors are known to exist:
- All MMC3A's and non-Sharp MMC3B's will generate only a single IRQ when $C000 is $00. This is because this version of the MMC3 generates IRQs when the scanline counter is decremented to 0. In addition, writing to $C001 with $C000 still at $00 will result in another single IRQ being generated. In the community, this is known as the "alternate" or "old" behavior.
- All MMC3C's and Sharp MMC3B's will generate an IRQ on each scanline while $C000 is $00. This is because this version of the MMC3 generates IRQs when the scanline counter is equal to 0. In the community, this is known as the "normal" or "new" behavior.
Acclaim's MC-ACC chip is their own variant of the MMC3, that they used for their own boards (for industrial money-saving purposes). It comes in a standard 600 mil 40-pin DIP package. It is not known if it has SRAM support. The only known difference is that the scanline counter triggers on falling edges instead of rising edges.
Variants
The TKSROM and TLSROM boards, assigned to INES Mapper 118, connect the upper bank select line directly to VRAM A10, allowing more flexible control over nametable mirroring.
The TQROM board, assigned to INES Mapper 119, uses both CHR ROM and CHR RAM simultaneously, using the 2nd-highest CHR bank select line to choose between them (on a per-bank basis).
DxROM carts have a custom mapper developed by Namco before the MMC3 existed. Tengen used it for some of their games under the name MIMIC-1. It exists both in a 400 mil 28-pin Shrink-DIP (found in licensed DxROM boards) and in a larger 600 mil 28-pin DIP (found in unlicensed Tengen cartridges).
This chip does the basic PRG ROM switching exactly like the MMC3, but it only implements the low 3 bits of $8000 and the low 6 bits of $8001. Compared to the MMC3, it lacks mirroring control, SRAM support and an IRQ counter. The TEROM and TFROM boards have been developed with backward compability with DxROM in mind, featuring solder pads to have hardwired H/V mirroring instead of MMC3 controlled mirroring, and allow the hardware to disable IRQs.
IRQ behavior when reload is set to 0 differs among different MMC3 chips. MMC3 chips with the "new behavior" generate an IRQ every scanline. (These include at least MMC3B chips bearing a bold S before the date code.) MMC3 chips with the "old behavior" cease to generate IRQs. (These include MMC3B chips lacking the S and having a date code of the form nnnnPKnnn, and an MMC3A 8940EP chip.) Some games have been manufactured with both versions, and during the transition, relying on old or new behavior might at first have been one of the things that caused Nintendo lot check to reject a program. A few later games developed after Nintendo had run out of the old chips, such as Star Trek: 25th Anniversary, are reported to rely on the new behavior (source: Nestopia 1.30 changelog). There's an anecdotal report that Felix the Cat needs MMC3A, but it could also have been a rewiring mistake.
Nintendo made at least two MMC3-based multicart mappers: mappers 37 and 47.
Pirate variants
- Mapper 245 increases PRG to 1024K by losing CHR ROM.
- Mapper 189 loses the MMC3's 8+8+16F banking scheme in exchange for 32k-at-a-time banking like AxROM, BxROM, or GxROM
- Mapper 182's registers are only in a different order.
- Mapper 115 increases CHR to 512K by losing PRG RAM and contains an UxROM emulation mode.
- Mappers 194, 192, 191, and 74, are like TQROM in that they combine CHR ROM and CHR RAM by replacing some CHR pages with CHR RAM.
See also
- NES Mapper list by Disch.
- Nintendo MMC3 by goroh.
- Comprehensive NES Mapper Document by \Firebug\. Information on mapper's initial state is innacurate.
