APU
The NES APU is the audio processing unit in the NES console which generates sound for games. It is implemented in the RP2A03 (NTSC) and RP2A07 (PAL) chips. Its registers are mapped in the range $4000-$4013, $4015 and $4017.
Overview
The APU has five channels: two pulse wave generators, a triangle wave, noise, and a delta modulation channel for playing DPCM samples.
Each channel has a variable-rate timer clocking a waveform generator, and various modulators driven by low-frequency clocks from the Frame Counter/Sequencer. The DMC plays samples while the other channels play waveforms. Each sub-unit of a channel generally runs independently and in parallel to other units, and modification of a channel's parameter usually affects only one sub-unit and doesn't take effect until that unit's next internal cycle begins.
The read/write status register allows channels to be enabled and disabled, and their current length counter status to be queried.
The outputs from all the channels are combined using a non-linear mixing scheme.
Notes
- This reference describes the abstract operation of the APU. The exact hardware implementation is not necessarily relevant to an emulator, but the Visual 2A03 project can be used to determine detailed information about the hardware implementation.
- The Famicom had an audio return loop on its catridge connector allowing extra audio from individual cartridges. See for details on the audio produced by various mappers.
- For a basic usage guide to the APU, see APU basics, or Nerdy Nights: APU overview.
Specification
Registers
| Registers | Channel | Units |
|---|---|---|
| $4000-$4003 | Pulse 1 | Timer, Length Counter, Envelope, Sweep |
| $4004-$4007 | Pulse 2 | Timer, Length Counter, Envelope, Sweep |
| $4008-$400B | Triangle | Timer, Length Counter, linear counter |
| $400C-$400F | Noise | Timer, Length Counter, Envelope, shift register w/ feedback |
| $4010-$4013 | DMC | Timer, memory reader, sample buffer, output unit |
| $4015 | All | Length Counter enable and status |
| $4017 | All | Frame Counter/Sequencer |
Pulse ($4000-4007)
- See APU Pulse
Triangle ($4008-400B)
- See APU Triangle
Noise ($400C-400F)
- See APU Noise
DMC ($4010-4013)
- See APU DMC
Status ($4015)
- See APU Status
Frame Sequencer ($4017)
Miscellaneous
- All APU channels have some form of frequency control. The term frequency is used where larger register value(s) correspond with higher frequencies, and the term period is used where smaller register value(s) correspond with higher frequencies.
- In the block diagrams, a gate takes the input on the left and outputs it on the right, unless the control input on top tells the gate to ignore the input and always output 0.
- Some APU units use one or more of the following building blocks:
- A divider outputs a clock every n input clocks, where n is the divider's period. It contains a counter which is decremented on the arrival of each clock. When the counter reaches 0, it is reloaded with the period and an output clock is generated. A divider can also be forced to reload its counter immediately, but this does not output a clock. When a divider's period is changed, the current count is not affected.
- A divider may be implemented as a down counter (5, 4, 3, ...) or as a linear feedback shift register (LFSR). The dividers in the pulse and triangle channels are linear down-counters. The dividers for noise, DMC, and the APU Frame Counter are implemented as LFSRs to save gates compared to the equivalent down counter.
- A sequencer continuously loops over a sequence of values or events. When clocked, the next item in the sequence is generated.
- A timer is used in each of the five channels to control the sound frequency. It contains a divider which is clocked by the CPU clock. The triangle channel's timer is clocked on every CPU cycle, but the pulse, noise, and DMC timers are clocked only on every second CPU cycle and thus produce only even periods.
