APU Sweep

A NES APU sweep unit can be made to periodically adjust a pulse channel's period up or down.

Each sweep unit contains the following: divider, reload flag.

$4001	EPPP.NSSS	Pulse channel 1 sweep setup (write)
$4005	EPPP.NSSS	Pulse channel 2 sweep setup (write)
bit 7	E--- ----	Enabled flag
bits 6-4	-PPP ----	The divider's period is set to P + 1
bit 3	---- N---	Negate flag 0: add to period, sweeping toward lower frequencies 1: subtract from period, sweeping toward higher frequencies
bits 2-0	---- -SSS	Shift count (number of bits)
Side effects		Sets the reload flag

NOTE: The term "target period" used in the following description is equivalent to [shift-result + current period]. That is, it does not mean the result of the right-shift alone.

When clocked by the frame counter, one of three things happen:

• If the reload flag flag is set, the divider's counter is set to the period P. If the divider's counter was zero before the reload, the pulse's period is also adjusted (if the target period is in range; see below).
• If the reload flag is clear and the divider's counter is non-zero, it is decremented.
• If the reload flag is clear and the divider's counter is zero, the counter is set to P and the pulse's period is adjusted (if the target period is in range; see below).

The channel's 11-bit raw timer period is shifted right by the shift count (using a barrel shifter), then either added to or subtracted from the channel's raw period, yielding the target period. When the channel's current period is less than 8 or the target period is greater than $7FF, the channel is silenced (0 is sent to the mixer) but the channel's current period remains unchanged. Otherwise, if the enable flag is set and the shift count is non-zero, when the divider outputs a clock, the channel's period is updated.

The adder computes the next target period immediately after the period is updated by $400x writes or by the frame counter. (Internally, the target period is continuously calculated by the adder.) A target period overflow from the sweep unit's adder can silence a channel even when the enabled flag is clear and even when the sweep divider is not outputting a clock signal. To fully disable a sweep unit, write $08 to turn on the negate flag so that the target period is not greater than the channel's period and therefore not greater than $7FF.

For reasons unknown, pulse channel 1 hardwires its adder's carry input rather than using the state of the negate flag, resulting in the subtraction operation adding the one's complement instead of the expected two's complement (as pulse channel 2 does). As a result, a negative sweep on pulse channel 1 will subtract the shifted period value minus 1.