CPU

The NES CPU core is based on the 6502 processor and runs at approximately 1.79 MHz (1.66 MHz in a PAL NES). It is made by Ricoh and lacks the MOS6502's decimal mode. In the NTSC NES, the RP2A03 chip contains the CPU and APU; in the PAL NES, the CPU and APU are contained within the RP2A07 chip.

Sections

• CPU instructions
• CPU addressing modes
• CPU memory map
• CPU power-up state
• CPU registers
• CPU status flag behavior
• CPU interrupts
• Unofficial opcodes
• CPU pin-out and signals, and other hardware pin-outs

CPU signals and frequencies

The CPU generates its clock signal by dividing the master clock signal.

Rate	NTSC NES/Famicom	PAL NES	Dendy
Color subcarrier frequency fsc (exact)	3579545.45 Hz (39375000/11 Hz)	4433618.75 Hz	4433618.75 Hz
Color subcarrier frequency fsc (approx.)	3.579545 MHz	4.433619 MHz	4.433619 MHz
Master clock frequency 6fsc	21.477272 MHz	26.601712 MHz	26.601712 MHz
Clock divisor d	12	16	15
CPU clock frequency 6fsc/d	1.789773 MHz (~559 ns per cycle)	1.662607 MHz (~601 ns per cycle)	1.773448 MHz (~564 ns per cycle)

* The vast majority of PAL famiclones use a chipset or NOAC with this timing. A small number use UMC UA6540+6541, which also PAL NES timing.

Notes

• All illegal 6502 opcodes execute identically on the 2A03/2A07.
• Every cycle on 6502 is either a read or a write cycle.
• A printer friendly version covering all section is available here.
• Emulator authors may wish to emulate the NTSC NES/Famicom CPU at 21441960 Hz ((341×262-0.5)×4×60) to ensure a synchronised/stable 60 frames per second.

See also

• 2A03 technical reference by Brad Taylor. (Pretty old at this point; information on the wiki might be more up-to-date.)