Fixed cycle delay

Delay code

Shortest possible CPU code that creates N cycles of delay, depending on constraints.

All code samples are written for CA65.

Assumptions:

• No page wrap occurs during any branch instruction. If a page wrap occurs, it adds +1 cycle for each loop, completely thwarting the accurate delay.
• No interrupt / NMI occurs during the delay code.

It is permissible for DMA to steal cycles during the loops. If you are expecting that to happen, you have to manually adjust the delay cycle count (and it is in fact possible to do so) in order to get the correct delay.

Explanations on the requirements

• @rts12 means you know a memory address that contains byte $60 (RTS).

cycle instruction that fits your constraints (such as LDA $00), followed by RTS.

Instructions, addressing modes, byte counts, cycle counts and notes

Addressing mode	Instruction type	Bytes	Cycle count	Example instruction	Notes
Implied	Inter-register	1	2	TAX	NOP has no side effects. Flag-manipulations like CLC, and SECCLV are used when their effects are desired.
Implied	Stack push	1	3	PHA	PHP is only paired with PLP.
Implied	Stack pop	1	4	PLA
Implied	Return	1	6	RTS	Used indirectly when paired with JSR. Similarly for RTI.
Immediate		2	2	CMP #$C5	Includes instructions like LDA, LDX and LDY. Other ALU instructions are used in more complex situations.
Relative	Branch	2	2—4	BCC *+2	Branch takes 3 cycles when taken, 2 otherwise. A page crossing adds +1 cycle when branch is taken, but because of difficulties setting that up, we don't use it.
Zeropage	Read, write	2	3	LDA $A5
Zeropage	RMW	2	5	INC @zptemp	Writing to zeropage is only permitted when @zptemp is available. Technically we could save @zptemp into register and restore at end, but it is bytewise inferior to other techniques.
Zeropage indexed	Read, write	2	4	LDA $EA,X	Inferior to 2 × NOP, but useful for hiding additional code to be executed in a loop.
Zeropage indexed	RMW	2	6	INC @zptemp,X	Only doable when X is known to be 0, or when entire zeropage can be clobbered.
Indexed indirect	Read, write	2	6	STA (@ptrtemp,X)	Only doable when X is known to be 0.
Indexed indirect	RMW	2	8	SLO (@ptrtemp,X)	The most cost-effective instruction. Only doable when X is known to be 0, lest we write to a random address. All instructions in this category are unofficial.
Indirect indexed	Read	2	5—6	LDA (@ptrtemp),Y	Never used by this code.
Indirect indexed	Write	2	6	STA (@ptrtemp),Y	Only doable when Y is known to be 0.
Indirect indexed	RMW	2	8	SLO (@ptrtemp),Y	All instructions in this category are unofficial.
Absolute	Jump	3	3	JMP *+3
Absolute	Read, write	3	4	LDA $2808	Inferior to 2 × NOP, but can be used carefully to hide additional code to be executed in a loop.
Absolute	RMW	3	6	INC $4018	Inferior to 3 × NOP.
Absolute indexed	Read	3	4—5	LDA $0200,X	Inferior to shorter alternatives.
Absolute indexed	Write	3	5	STA $0200,X	Inferior to shorter alternatives.
Absolute indexed	RMW	3	7	INC $4018,X	Only doable when writing into the given address is harmless considering the possible values of X.
Absolute indirect	Jump	3	5	JMP (@ptrtemp)	Inferior to shorter alternatives.

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2 cycles

1 bytes
EA NOP	No requirements

• All instructions cost at least 2 cycles. There is no way to do 1 cycle of delay (though −1 cycles may sometimes appear in branch cost calculations).

3 cycles

2 bytes
C5 C5 CMP $C5	Clobbers Z&N, and C
24 24 BIT $24	Clobbers Z&N, and V
A5 A5 LDA $A5	Clobbers A, and Z&N
A6 A6 LDX $A6	Clobbers X, and Z&N
A4 A4 LDY $A4	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
3 bytes
4C xx xx JMP *+3	No requirements

• Not relocatable means that the target address is hardcoded into the code. In ROM hacking, it sometimes makes sense to move code blobs around, and a hardcoded address makes it difficult to relocate the code. This restriction does not apply to branches, which use relative addressing. It is also assumed to not apply to JSR instructions, as chances are the JSR target is outside the code being relocated.

4 cycles

2 bytes
EA ... NOP × 2	No requirements

• zp-indexed modes such as LDA $00,X also do 4 cycles, but having side effects, these two-byte instructions are inferior to a simple 2 × NOP.
• There is also an unofficial opcode NOP $00,X (34 00), but there is no reason to use this instruction when the official equivalent has the same performance.

5 cycles

3 bytes
18 CLC 90 00 BCC *+2	Clobbers C
B8 CLV 50 00 BVC *+2	Clobbers V
EA NOP A5 A5 LDA $A5	Clobbers A, and Z&N
EA NOP A6 A6 LDX $A6	Clobbers X, and Z&N
EA NOP A4 A4 LDY $A4	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
4 bytes
EA NOP 4C xx xx JMP *+3	No requirements

• abs-indexed modes such as LDA $1234,X cause 4 or 5 cycles of delay, depending whether a page wrap occurred. Because you need extra setup code to make sure that a wrap does occur, you do not see this mode in these samples, outside situations where circumstances permit.

6 cycles

3 bytes
EA ... NOP × 3	No requirements

• zp-indexed RMW instructions such as INC @zptemp,X do 6 cycles. Unless we know the value of X, it might write into any address between $00-$FF. This option is only useful if the entire range of $00-$FF is free for clobbering with random data, or if X has a known value.
• ix instructions like LDA ($00,X) do 6 cycles, but the value of X decides where a pointer is read from, and said pointer can point anywhere. We only do that when the value of X is known.
• iy instructions like LDA ($00),Y also do 5-6 cycles, but in addition to the note above, we cannot predict whether a wrap occurs or not. So we don't use this mode.
• Absolute RMW instructions like INC $4018 do 6 cycles, but weighing 3 bytes with side-effects it would be inferior to 3 × NOP.

7 cycles

2 bytes
08 PHP 28 PLP	No requirements

• PHP-PLP is very efficient for 7 cycles of delay, but it does modify stack contents. S register remains unchanged though.
• PLA-PHA does not overwrite any bytes in stack. It just writes back the same byte. But it does clobber A and Z+N. It is not interrupt-unsafe either: If an interrupt happens, the stack byte does get temporarily clobbered, but the value is still in A when the interrupt exits, and gets written back in stack.
• abs-indexed RMW instructions such as INC abs,X do 7 cycles. We only do this when either we know the value of X (for instance, INC $4018,X is safe when X is 0—7, or when the entire 256-byte page can be safely overwritten with random data.

8 cycles

4 bytes
EA ... NOP × 4	No requirements

• Unofficial ix and iy RMW instructions such as SLO ($00,X) or SLO ($00),Y would do 8 cycles for 2 bytes of code. We only do that if we know X or Y to be zero, and we have a known pointer to safely rewritable data.

9 cycles

3 bytes
EA NOP 08 PHP 28 PLP	No requirements

• Jumping into the middle of another instruction and thereby reusing code is a very efficient way of reducing code size. Note that all code samples using branches on this page require that no page wrap occurs.

10 cycles

4 bytes
08 PHP C5 C5 CMP $C5 28 PLP	No requirements

• The ROL-ROR sequence preserves the original value of the memory address. Carry is also preserved.

11 cycles

4 bytes
EA ... NOP × 2 08 PHP 28 PLP	No requirements

12 cycles

3 bytes
20 xx xx JSR @rts12	Requires @rts12
4 bytes
36 36 ROL $36,X 76 36 ROR $36,X	Clobbers Z&N
5 bytes
08 PHP 18 CLC 90 00 BCC *+2 28 PLP	No requirements

• JSR-RTS causes 12 cycles of delay. But it does write a function return address in the stack, which may be unwanted in some applications. S is not modified.
• Again, ROL-ROR does not have side effects (as long as an interrupt does not happen in the middle), except for Z+N.

13 cycles

5 bytes
EA ... NOP × 3 08 PHP 28 PLP	No requirements

14 cycles

4 bytes
08 PHP \ × 2 28 PLP /	No requirements

15 cycles

5 bytes
08 PHP BA TSX 28 PLP 9A TXS 28 PLP	Clobbers X
C5 C5 CMP $C5 20 xx xx JSR @rts12	Clobbers Z&N, and C; and requires @rts12
24 24 BIT $24 20 xx xx JSR @rts12	Clobbers Z&N, and V; and requires @rts12
A5 A5 LDA $A5 20 xx xx JSR @rts12	Clobbers A, and Z&N; and requires @rts12
A4 A4 LDY $A4 20 xx xx JSR @rts12	Clobbers Y, and Z&N; and requires @rts12
6 bytes
08 PHP 28 PLP EA ... NOP × 4	No requirements

16 cycles

5 bytes
EA NOP 08 PHP \ × 2 28 PLP /	No requirements

17 cycles

6 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA A5 A5 LDA $A5 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

18 cycles

6 bytes
EA ... NOP × 2 08 PHP \ × 2 28 PLP /	No requirements

19 cycles

5 bytes
08 PHP 28 PLP 20 xx xx JSR @rts12	Requires @rts12
6 bytes
08 PHP 36 36 ROL $36,X 76 36 ROR $36,X 28 PLP	No requirements

20 cycles

5 bytes
A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 38 SEC 10 FC BPL *-2	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
7 bytes
EA ... NOP × 3 08 PHP \ × 2 28 PLP /	No requirements

21 cycles

5 bytes
18 CLC A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 90 FD BCC *-1	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
A2 04 LDX #4 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
A0 04 LDY #4 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
6 bytes
08 PHP \ × 3 28 PLP /	No requirements

22 cycles

6 bytes
18 CLC A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 38 SEC 10 FC BPL *-2	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
A2 02 LDX #2 EA NOP CA DEX 10 FC BPL *-2	Clobbers X, and Z&N
A0 03 LDY #3 EA NOP 88 DEY D0 FC BNE *-2	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
08 PHP BA TSX 08 PHP 28 ... PLP × 2 9A TXS 28 PLP	Clobbers X
08 PHP C5 C5 CMP $C5 28 PLP 20 xx xx JSR @rts12	Requires @rts12
8 bytes
08 PHP \ × 2 28 PLP / EA ... NOP × 4	No requirements

23 cycles

6 bytes
18 ... CLC × 2 A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 90 FD BCC *-1	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
EA NOP A2 04 LDX #4 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
EA NOP A0 04 LDY #4 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
EA NOP 08 PHP \ × 3 28 PLP /	No requirements

24 cycles

4 bytes
A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
6 bytes
20 xx xx JSR @rts12× 2	Requires @rts12
7 bytes
A6 A6 LDX $A6 A2 04 LDX #4 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
A4 A4 LDY $A4 A0 04 LDY #4 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
8 bytes
08 PHP C5 C5 CMP $C5 28 PLP \ × 2 08 PHP / 28 PLP	No requirements

25 cycles

7 bytes
98 TYA A0 04 LDY #4 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY	Clobbers A, and Z&N
EA ... NOP × 2 A2 04 LDX #4 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
EA ... NOP × 2 A0 04 LDY #4 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
8 bytes
EA ... NOP × 2 08 PHP \ × 3 28 PLP /	No requirements

26 cycles

5 bytes
18 CLC A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
A2 04 LDX #4 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
A0 05 LDY #5 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
EA NOP 20 xx xx JSR @rts12× 2	Requires @rts12
8 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA 36 36 ROL $36,X 76 36 ROR $36,X 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

27 cycles

6 bytes
A5 A5 LDA $A5 A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
7 bytes
48 PHA A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 38 SEC 10 FC BPL *-2 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 38 SEC 10 FC BPL *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers A
24 2C BIT <$2C ;hides 'BIT $FDA2' A2 FD LDX #253 E8 INX D0 FA BNE *-4	Clobbers X, Z&N, and V
24 2C BIT <$2C ;hides 'BIT $FDA0' A0 FD LDY #253 C8 INY D0 FA BNE *-4	Clobbers Y, Z&N, and V
A4 AC LDY <$AC ;hides 'LDY $82A2' A2 82 LDX #130 CA DEX 30 FA BMI *-4	Clobbers X, Y, and Z&N
8 bytes
EA ... NOP × 3 A2 04 LDX #4 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
EA ... NOP × 3 A0 04 LDY #4 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
24 24 BIT $24 20 xx xx JSR @rts12× 2	Clobbers Z&N, and V; and requires @rts12
20 xx xx JSR @rts12 08 PHP BA TSX 28 PLP 9A TXS 28 PLP	Clobbers X; and requires @rts12
9 bytes
EA ... NOP × 3 08 PHP \ × 3 28 PLP /	No requirements

28 cycles

6 bytes
38 ... SEC × 2 A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
EA NOP A2 04 LDX #4 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
EA NOP A0 05 LDY #5 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
48 PHA 18 CLC A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 90 FD BCC *-1 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP 18 CLC A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 90 FD BCC *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers A
08 PHP A2 04 LDX #4 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers X
08 PHP A0 04 LDY #4 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
8 bytes
08 PHP \ × 4 28 PLP /	No requirements

29 cycles

6 bytes
18 CLC A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' EA NOP 90 FC BCC *-2	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
A2 04 LDX #4 EA NOP CA DEX D0 FC BNE *-2	Clobbers X, and Z&N
A0 04 LDY #4 EA NOP 88 DEY D0 FC BNE *-2	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
8 bytes
48 PHA 18 CLC A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 38 SEC 10 FC BPL *-2 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP 18 CLC A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 38 SEC 10 FC BPL *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers A
08 PHP A2 02 LDX #2 EA NOP CA DEX 10 FC BPL *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers X
08 PHP A0 03 LDY #3 EA NOP 88 DEY D0 FC BNE *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
9 bytes
08 PHP 28 PLP 08 PHP C5 C5 CMP $C5 28 PLP 20 xx xx JSR @rts12	Requires @rts12
10 bytes
08 PHP C5 C5 CMP $C5 28 PLP 08 PHP 36 36 ROL $36,X 76 36 ROR $36,X 28 PLP	No requirements

30 cycles

7 bytes
98 TYA A0 05 LDY #5 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY	Clobbers A, and Z&N
EA ... NOP × 2 A2 04 LDX #4 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
EA ... NOP × 2 A0 05 LDY #5 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
8 bytes
48 PHA 18 ... CLC × 2 A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 90 FD BCC *-1 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP 18 ... CLC × 2 A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 90 FD BCC *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers A
EA NOP 08 PHP A2 04 LDX #4 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers X
EA NOP 08 PHP A0 04 LDY #4 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
9 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA 18 CLC A9 6A LDA #$6A ;hides 'ROR A' 90 FD BCC *-1 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

31 cycles

5 bytes
18 CLC A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 90 FD BCC *-1	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
A2 05 LDX #5 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
6 bytes
48 PHA A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers A
8 bytes
08 PHP 28 PLP 20 xx xx JSR @rts12× 2	Requires @rts12
9 bytes
08 PHP A6 A6 LDX $A6 A2 04 LDX #4 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers X
08 PHP A4 A4 LDY $A4 A0 04 LDY #4 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
10 bytes
08 PHP 36 36 ROL $36,X \ × 2 76 36 ROR $36,X / 28 PLP	No requirements

32 cycles

6 bytes
A2 05 LDX #5 ;hides 'ORA zp' CA DEX ;first loop only CA DEX D0 FB BNE *-3	Clobbers A, X, and Z&N
A0 05 LDY #5 ;hides 'ORA zp' 88 DEY ;first loop only 88 DEY D0 FB BNE *-3	Clobbers A, Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' EA ... NOP × 3 10 FA BPL *-4	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
8 bytes
EA NOP 98 TYA A0 05 LDY #5 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY	Clobbers A, and Z&N
A6 A6 LDX $A6 A2 04 LDX #4 EA NOP CA DEX D0 FC BNE *-2	Clobbers X, and Z&N
A4 A4 LDY $A4 A0 04 LDY #4 EA NOP 88 DEY D0 FC BNE *-2	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
9 bytes
48 PHA 98 TYA A0 04 LDY #4 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N
08 PHP 98 TYA A0 04 LDY #4 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY 28 PLP	Clobbers A
EA ... NOP × 2 08 PHP A2 04 LDX #4 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers X
EA ... NOP × 2 08 PHP A0 04 LDY #4 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
10 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA 18 ... CLC × 2 A9 6A LDA #$6A ;hides 'ROR A' 90 FD BCC *-1 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

33 cycles

6 bytes
18 ... CLC × 2 A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 90 FD BCC *-1	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
EA NOP A2 05 LDX #5 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
EA NOP A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
48 PHA 18 CLC A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP 18 CLC A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers A
08 PHP A2 04 LDX #4 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers X
08 PHP A0 05 LDY #5 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
9 bytes
EA NOP 08 PHP 28 PLP 20 xx xx JSR @rts12× 2	Requires @rts12
10 bytes
08 PHP \ × 2 28 PLP / 08 PHP 36 36 ROL $36,X 76 36 ROR $36,X 28 PLP	No requirements

34 cycles

5 bytes
A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 18 CLC 10 FC BPL *-2	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
A0 88 LDY #136 ;hides 'DEY' 88 DEY 30 FC BMI *-2	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
A6 A6 LDX $A6 A2 05 LDX #5 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
8 bytes
C5 C5 CMP $C5 48 PHA A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP A5 A5 LDA $A5 A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers A
9 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 38 SEC 10 FC BPL *-2 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

35 cycles

6 bytes
A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 08 PHP 28 PLP 10 FB BPL *-3	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
A2 F8 LDX #248 ;hides 'SED' E8 ... INX × 2 D0 FB BNE *-3	Clobbers X, Z&N, and D
A0 88 LDY #136 ;hides 'DEY' 88 ... DEY × 2 30 FB BMI *-3	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
98 TYA A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY	Clobbers A, and Z&N
EA ... NOP × 2 A2 05 LDX #5 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
8 bytes
48 PHA 38 ... SEC × 2 A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP 38 ... SEC × 2 A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers A
EA NOP 08 PHP A2 04 LDX #4 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers X
EA NOP 08 PHP A0 05 LDY #5 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
9 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA 18 CLC A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 90 FD BCC *-1 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

36 cycles

5 bytes
A9 E9 LDA #$E9 ;hides 'SBC #$2A' 2A ROL A ;first loop only B0 FC BCS *-2	Clobbers A, Z&N, C, and V
A2 07 LDX #7 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
6 bytes
38 SEC A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 38 SEC 10 FC BPL *-2	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
8 bytes
48 PHA 18 CLC A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' EA NOP 90 FC BCC *-2 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP 18 CLC A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' EA NOP 90 FC BCC *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers A
08 PHP A2 04 LDX #4 EA NOP CA DEX D0 FC BNE *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers X
08 PHP A0 04 LDY #4 EA NOP 88 DEY D0 FC BNE *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
9 bytes
20 xx xx JSR @rts12× 3	Requires @rts12
10 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA 18 CLC A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 38 SEC 10 FC BPL *-2 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

37 cycles

7 bytes
A5 A5 LDA $A5 A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 18 CLC 10 FC BPL *-2	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
A2 04 LDX #4 EA ... NOP × 2 CA DEX D0 FB BNE *-3	Clobbers X, and Z&N
A0 04 LDY #4 EA ... NOP × 2 88 DEY D0 FB BNE *-3	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
8 bytes
EA NOP 98 TYA A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY	Clobbers A, and Z&N
9 bytes
48 PHA 98 TYA A0 05 LDY #5 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N
08 PHP 98 TYA A0 05 LDY #5 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY 28 PLP	Clobbers A
EA ... NOP × 2 08 PHP A2 04 LDX #4 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers X
EA ... NOP × 2 08 PHP A0 05 LDY #5 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
10 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA 18 ... CLC × 2 A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 90 FD BCC *-1 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

38 cycles

6 bytes
38 SEC A9 69 LDA #$69 ;hides 'ADC #$EA' EA NOP ;first loop only B0 FC BCS *-2	Clobbers A, Z&N, C, and V
EA NOP A2 07 LDX #7 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
EA NOP A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
48 PHA 18 CLC A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 90 FD BCC *-1 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP 18 CLC A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 90 FD BCC *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers A
08 PHP A2 05 LDX #5 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers X
08 PHP A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
8 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

39 cycles

4 bytes
A9 4A LDA #$4A ;hides 'LSR A' D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
7 bytes
A6 A6 LDX $A6 A2 07 LDX #7 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
A4 A4 LDY $A4 A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
8 bytes
98 TYA A0 88 LDY #136 ;hides 'DEY' 88 ... DEY × 2 30 FB BMI *-3 A8 TAY	Clobbers A, and Z&N
08 PHP A2 05 LDX #5 ;hides 'ORA zp' CA DEX ;first loop only CA DEX D0 FB BNE *-3 28 PLP	Clobbers A, and X
08 PHP A0 05 LDY #5 ;hides 'ORA zp' 88 DEY ;first loop only 88 DEY D0 FB BNE *-3 28 PLP	Clobbers A, and Y
9 bytes
48 PHA A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' EA ... NOP × 3 10 FA BPL *-4 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' EA ... NOP × 3 10 FA BPL *-4 28 PLP	Clobbers A
10 bytes
EA NOP 48 PHA 98 TYA A0 05 LDY #5 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N
08 PHP A6 A6 LDX $A6 A2 04 LDX #4 EA NOP CA DEX D0 FC BNE *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers X
08 PHP A4 A4 LDY $A4 A0 04 LDY #4 EA NOP 88 DEY D0 FC BNE *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
11 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA 98 TYA A0 04 LDY #4 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

40 cycles

6 bytes
A2 05 LDX #5 ;hides 'ORA zp' EA NOP CA DEX D0 FB BNE *-3	Clobbers A, X, and Z&N
A0 05 LDY #5 ;hides 'ORA zp' EA NOP 88 DEY D0 FB BNE *-3	Clobbers A, Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
98 TYA A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY 10 FD BPL *-1 A8 TAY	Clobbers A, and Z&N
EA ... NOP × 2 A2 07 LDX #7 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
EA ... NOP × 2 A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
8 bytes
48 PHA 18 ... CLC × 2 A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 90 FD BCC *-1 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP 18 ... CLC × 2 A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 90 FD BCC *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers A
EA NOP 08 PHP A2 05 LDX #5 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers X
EA NOP 08 PHP A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
9 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA 18 CLC A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

41 cycles

5 bytes
38 SEC A9 4A LDA #$4A ;hides 'LSR A' D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
A2 08 LDX #8 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
A0 08 LDY #8 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
48 PHA A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 18 CLC 10 FC BPL *-2 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 18 CLC 10 FC BPL *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers A
08 PHP A0 88 LDY #136 ;hides 'DEY' 88 DEY 30 FC BMI *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
9 bytes
08 PHP A6 A6 LDX $A6 A2 05 LDX #5 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers X
10 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA A5 A5 LDA $A5 A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

42 cycles

6 bytes
A5 A5 LDA $A5 A9 4A LDA #$4A ;hides 'LSR A' D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
7 bytes
EA NOP A2 05 LDX #5 ;hides 'ORA zp' EA NOP CA DEX D0 FB BNE *-3	Clobbers A, X, and Z&N
EA NOP A0 05 LDY #5 ;hides 'ORA zp' EA NOP 88 DEY D0 FB BNE *-3	Clobbers A, Y, and Z&N
8 bytes
48 PHA A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 08 PHP 28 PLP 10 FB BPL *-3 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 08 PHP 28 PLP 10 FB BPL *-3 28 PLP	Clobbers A
08 PHP A2 F8 LDX #248 ;hides 'SED' E8 ... INX × 2 D0 FB BNE *-3 28 PLP	Clobbers X
08 PHP A0 88 LDY #136 ;hides 'DEY' 88 ... DEY × 2 30 FB BMI *-3 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
9 bytes
48 PHA 98 TYA A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N
10 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA 38 ... SEC × 2 A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 10 FD BPL *-1 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

43 cycles

6 bytes
38 ... SEC × 2 A9 4A LDA #$4A ;hides 'LSR A' D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
A2 05 LDX #5 EA NOP CA DEX 10 FC BPL *-2	Clobbers X, and Z&N
A0 06 LDY #6 EA NOP 88 DEY D0 FC BNE *-2	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
48 PHA A9 E9 LDA #$E9 ;hides 'SBC #$2A' 2A ROL A ;first loop only B0 FC BCS *-2 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, C, and V
08 PHP A9 E9 LDA #$E9 ;hides 'SBC #$2A' 2A ROL A ;first loop only B0 FC BCS *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers A
08 PHP A2 07 LDX #7 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers X
08 PHP A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY 10 FD BPL *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
8 bytes
48 PHA 38 SEC A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 38 SEC 10 FC BPL *-2 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
10 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA 18 CLC A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' EA NOP 90 FC BCC *-2 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

44 cycles

6 bytes
A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' EA ... NOP × 2 10 FB BPL *-3	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
A0 88 LDY #136 ;hides 'DEY' EA NOP 88 DEY 30 FB BMI *-3	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
A6 A6 LDX $A6 A2 08 LDX #8 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
9 bytes
C5 C5 CMP $C5 48 PHA A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 18 CLC 10 FC BPL *-2 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP A5 A5 LDA $A5 A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 18 CLC 10 FC BPL *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers A
08 PHP A2 04 LDX #4 EA ... NOP × 2 CA DEX D0 FB BNE *-3 28 PLP	Clobbers X
08 PHP A0 04 LDY #4 EA ... NOP × 2 88 DEY D0 FB BNE *-3 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
10 bytes
EA NOP 48 PHA 98 TYA A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N
11 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA 98 TYA A0 05 LDY #5 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

45 cycles

7 bytes
98 TYA A0 08 LDY #8 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY	Clobbers A, and Z&N
EA ... NOP × 2 A2 08 LDX #8 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
EA ... NOP × 2 A0 08 LDY #8 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
8 bytes
48 PHA 38 SEC A9 69 LDA #$69 ;hides 'ADC #$EA' EA NOP ;first loop only B0 FC BCS *-2 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, C, and V
08 PHP 38 SEC A9 69 LDA #$69 ;hides 'ADC #$EA' EA NOP ;first loop only B0 FC BCS *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers A
EA NOP 08 PHP A2 07 LDX #7 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers X
EA NOP 08 PHP A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY 10 FD BPL *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
9 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA 18 CLC A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 90 FD BCC *-1 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

46 cycles

5 bytes
A2 08 LDX #8 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
A0 09 LDY #9 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
6 bytes
48 PHA A9 4A LDA #$4A ;hides 'LSR A' D0 FD BNE *-1 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP A9 4A LDA #$4A ;hides 'LSR A' D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers A
9 bytes
08 PHP A6 A6 LDX $A6 A2 07 LDX #7 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers X
08 PHP A4 A4 LDY $A4 A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY 10 FD BPL *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
10 bytes
48 PHA 98 TYA A0 88 LDY #136 ;hides 'DEY' 88 ... DEY × 2 30 FB BMI *-3 A8 TAY 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N
11 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' EA ... NOP × 3 10 FA BPL *-4 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

47 cycles

8 bytes
98 TYA A0 06 LDY #6 EA NOP 88 DEY D0 FC BNE *-2 A8 TAY	Clobbers A, and Z&N
EA ... NOP × 3 A2 08 LDX #8 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
08 PHP A2 05 LDX #5 ;hides 'ORA zp' EA NOP CA DEX D0 FB BNE *-3 28 PLP	Clobbers A, and X
EA ... NOP × 3 A0 08 LDY #8 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
08 PHP A0 05 LDY #5 ;hides 'ORA zp' EA NOP 88 DEY D0 FB BNE *-3 28 PLP	Clobbers A, and Y
9 bytes
48 PHA 98 TYA A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY 10 FD BPL *-1 A8 TAY 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N
08 PHP 98 TYA A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY 10 FD BPL *-1 A8 TAY 28 PLP	Clobbers A
EA ... NOP × 2 08 PHP A2 07 LDX #7 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers X
EA ... NOP × 2 08 PHP A0 06 LDY #6 88 DEY 10 FD BPL *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
10 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA 18 ... CLC × 2 A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 90 FD BCC *-1 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

48 cycles

6 bytes
EA NOP A2 08 LDX #8 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
EA NOP A0 09 LDY #9 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
48 PHA 38 SEC A9 4A LDA #$4A ;hides 'LSR A' D0 FD BNE *-1 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP 38 SEC A9 4A LDA #$4A ;hides 'LSR A' D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers A
08 PHP A2 08 LDX #8 CA DEX D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers X
08 PHP A0 08 LDY #8 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
9 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA A9 0A LDA #$0A ;hides 'ASL A' 18 CLC 10 FC BPL *-2 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

49 cycles

4 bytes
A0 88 LDY #136 ;hides 'DEY' 30 FD BMI *-1	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
18 CLC A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 08 PHP 28 PLP 90 FB BCC *-3	Clobbers A, Z&N, and C
A6 A6 LDX $A6 A2 08 LDX #8 CA DEX 10 FD BPL *-1	Clobbers X, and Z&N
8 bytes
C5 C5 CMP $C5 48 PHA A9 4A LDA #$4A ;hides 'LSR A' D0 FD BNE *-1 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP A5 A5 LDA $A5 A9 4A LDA #$4A ;hides 'LSR A' D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers A
10 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA A9 2A LDA #$2A ;hides 'ROL A' 08 PHP 28 PLP 10 FB BPL *-3 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

50 cycles

6 bytes
A9 E9 LDA #$E9 ;hides 'SBC #$2A' 2A ROL A ;first loop only EA NOP B0 FB BCS *-3	Clobbers A, Z&N, C, and V
A2 07 LDX #7 EA NOP CA DEX D0 FC BNE *-2	Clobbers X, and Z&N
A0 06 LDY #6 EA NOP 88 DEY 10 FC BPL *-2	Clobbers Y, and Z&N
7 bytes
98 TYA A0 09 LDY #9 88 DEY D0 FD BNE *-1 A8 TAY	Clobbers A, and Z&N
8 bytes
48 PHA 38 ... SEC × 2 A9 4A LDA #$4A ;hides 'LSR A' D0 FD BNE *-1 68 PLA	Clobbers Z&N, and C
08 PHP 38 ... SEC × 2 A9 4A LDA #$4A ;hides 'LSR A' D0 FD BNE *-1 28 PLP	Clobbers A
08 PHP A2 05 LDX #5 EA NOP CA DEX 10 FC BPL *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers X
08 PHP A0 06 LDY #6 EA NOP 88 DEY D0 FC BNE *-2 28 PLP	Clobbers Y
9 bytes
08 PHP 48 PHA A9 E9 LDA #$E9 ;hides 'SBC #$2A' 2A ROL A ;first loop only B0 FC BCS *-2 68 PLA 28 PLP	No requirements

Sanity checks

It is possible to verify on compile time that no page wrap occurs, by replacing all branches with these macros:

.macro branch_check opc, dest
    opc dest
    .assert >* = >(dest), warning, "branch_check: failed, crosses page"
.endmacro
.macro bccnw dest
        branch_check bcc, dest
.endmacro
.macro bcsnw dest
        branch_check bcs, dest
.endmacro
.macro beqnw dest
        branch_check beq, dest
.endmacro
.macro bnenw dest
        branch_check bne, dest
.endmacro
.macro bminw dest
        branch_check bmi, dest
.endmacro
.macro bplnw dest
        branch_check bpl, dest
.endmacro
.macro bvcnw dest
        branch_check bvc, dest
.endmacro
.macro bvsnw dest
        branch_check bvs, dest
.endmacro

See also

• Delay code for functions that produce runtime-determined amount of delay
• Bisqwit’s “vending machine” for producing a ca65-compatible delay_n macro for arbitrary number of cycles, with more fine-grained configurable constraints: http://bisqwit.iki.fi/utils/nesdelay.php The samples on this page are excerpts from files generated by this online tool.