MMC1: Difference between revisions
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=== SNROM === | === SNROM === | ||
---- | |||
==== CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF) ==== | ==== CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF) ==== | ||
4bit0 | 4bit0 | ||
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=== SOROM, SUROM and SXROM === | === SOROM, SUROM and SXROM === | ||
---- | |||
==== CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF) ==== | ==== CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF) ==== | ||
4bit0 | 4bit0 | ||
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=== SZROM === | === SZROM === | ||
---- | |||
==== CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF) ==== | ==== CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF) ==== | ||
4bit0 | 4bit0 | ||
Revision as of 23:43, 8 July 2022
SxROM
| Company | Nintendo, others |
| Games | 390 in NesCartDB |
| Complexity | ASIC |
| Boards | SKROM, SLROM, SNROM, others |
| Pinout | MMC1 pinout |
| PRG ROM capacity | 256K (512K) |
| PRG ROM window | 16K + 16K fixed or 32K |
| PRG RAM capacity | 32K |
| PRG RAM window | 8K |
| CHR capacity | 128K |
| CHR window | 4K + 4K or 8K |
| Nametable mirroring | H, V, or 1, switchable |
| Bus conflicts | No |
| IRQ | No |
| Audio | No |
| iNES mappers | 001, 105, 155 |
The Nintendo MMC1 is a mapper ASIC used in Nintendo's SxROM and NES-EVENT Game Pak boards. Most common SxROM boards are assigned to iNES Mapper 1. This chip first appeared in the April of 1987.
Banks
- CPU $6000-$7FFF: 8 KB PRG RAM bank, (optional)
- CPU $8000-$BFFF: 16 KB PRG ROM bank, either switchable or fixed to the first bank
- CPU $C000-$FFFF: 16 KB PRG ROM bank, either fixed to the last bank or switchable
- PPU $0000-$0FFF: 4 KB switchable CHR bank
- PPU $1000-$1FFF: 4 KB switchable CHR bank
Through writes to the MMC1 control register, it is possible for the program to swap the fixed and switchable PRG ROM banks or to set up 32 KB PRG bankswitching (like BNROM), but most games use the default setup, which is similar to that of UxROM.
Registers
Unlike almost all other mappers, the MMC1 is configured through a serial port in order to reduce pin count. CPU $8000-$FFFF is connected to a common shift register. Writing a value with bit 7 set ($80 through $FF) to any address in $8000-$FFFF clears the shift register to its initial state. To change a register's value, the CPU writes five times with bit 7 clear and a bit of the desired value in bit 0. On the first four writes, the MMC1 shifts bit 0 into a shift register. On the fifth write, the MMC1 copies bit 0 and the shift register contents into an internal register selected by bits 14 and 13 of the address, and then it clears the shift register. Only on the fifth write does the address matter, and even then, only bits 14 and 13 of the address matter because the mapper registers are incompletely decoded like the PPU registers. After the fifth write, the shift register is cleared automatically, so a write to the shift register with bit 7 on to reset it is not needed.
When the serial port is written to on consecutive cycles, it ignores every write after the first. In practice, this only happens when the CPU executes read-modify-write instructions, which first write the original value before writing the modified one on the next cycle.[1] This restriction only applies to the data being written on bit 0; the bit 7 reset is never ignored. Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure does a reset by using INC on a ROM location containing $FF and requires that the $00 write on the next cycle is ignored. Shinsenden, however, uses illegal instruction $7F (RRA abs,X) to set bit 7 on the second write and will crash after selecting the みる (look) option if this reset is ignored.[2] This write-ignore behavior appears to be intentional and is believed to ignore all consecutive write cycles after the first even if that first write does not target the serial port.[3]
To switch a bank, a program will execute code similar to the following:
;
; Sets the switchable PRG ROM bank to the value of A.
;
; A MMC1_SR MMC1_PB
setPRGBank: ; 000edcba 10000 Start with an empty shift register (SR). The 1 is used
sta $E000 ; 000edcba -> a1000 to detect when the SR has become full.
lsr a ; >0000edcb a1000
sta $E000 ; 0000edcb -> ba100
lsr a ; >00000edc ba100
sta $E000 ; 00000edc -> cba10
lsr a ; >000000ed cba10
sta $E000 ; 000000ed -> dcba1 Once a 1 is shifted into the last position, the SR is full.
lsr a ; >0000000e dcba1
sta $E000 ; 0000000e dcba1 -> edcba A write with the SR full copies D0 and the SR to a bank register
; 10000 ($E000-$FFFF means PRG bank number) and then clears the SR.
rts
But because only the fifth write sets the destination register, the following equivalent (if obfuscated) subroutine changes the PRG ROM bank in the same manner:
setPRGBank: sta $8765 lsr a sta $FACE lsr a sta $BA11 lsr a sta $AD2E lsr a sta $EAD5 rts
Load register ($8000-$FFFF)
7 bit 0
---- ----
Rxxx xxxD
| |
| +- Data bit to be shifted into shift register, LSB first
+--------- 1: Reset shift register and write Control with (Control OR $0C),
locking PRG ROM at $C000-$FFFF to the last bank.
Control (internal, $8000-$9FFF)
4bit0 ----- CPPMM ||||| |||++- Mirroring (0: one-screen, lower bank; 1: one-screen, upper bank; ||| 2: vertical; 3: horizontal) |++--- PRG ROM bank mode (0, 1: switch 32 KB at $8000, ignoring low bit of bank number; | 2: fix first bank at $8000 and switch 16 KB bank at $C000; | 3: fix last bank at $C000 and switch 16 KB bank at $8000) +----- CHR ROM bank mode (0: switch 8 KB at a time; 1: switch two separate 4 KB banks)
Although some tests have found that all versions of the MMC1 seems to reliably power on in the last bank (by setting the "PRG ROM bank mode" to 3); other tests have found that this is fragile. Several commercial games have reset vectors every 32 KiB, but not every 16, so evidently PRG ROM bank mode 2 doesn't seem to occur randomly on power-up.
CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF)
4bit0 ----- CCCCC ||||| +++++- Select 4 KB or 8 KB CHR bank at PPU $0000 (low bit ignored in 8 KB mode)
MMC1 can do CHR banking in 4KB chunks. Known carts with CHR RAM have 8 KiB, so that makes 2 banks. RAM vs ROM doesn't make any difference for address lines. For carts with 8 KiB of CHR (be it ROM or RAM), MMC1 follows the common behavior of using only the low-order bits: the bank number is in effect ANDed with 1.
CHR bank 1 (internal, $C000-$DFFF)
4bit0 ----- CCCCC ||||| +++++- Select 4 KB CHR bank at PPU $1000 (ignored in 8 KB mode)
PRG bank (internal, $E000-$FFFF)
4bit0
-----
RPPPP
|||||
|++++- Select 16 KB PRG ROM bank (low bit ignored in 32 KB mode)
+----- MMC1B and later: PRG RAM chip enable (0: enabled; 1: disabled; ignored on MMC1A)
MMC1A: Bit 3 bypasses fixed bank logic in 16K mode (0: affected; 1: bypassed)
The high bit does not select a PRG ROM bank. MMC1 with 512K was supported by re-using a line from the CHR banking controls. (See below.)
Hardware
At least six different versions of the MMC1 are known to exist: MMC1, MMC1A, MMC1B1, MMC1B2, MMC1B2F, MMC1B3. Additionally, there is one unsubstantiated report about an MMC1C. The known differences relate to bit 4 of $E000.
- MMC1A: PRG RAM is always enabled. Two games abuse this lack of feature: they have been allocated to iNES Mapper 155. Bit 4 of $E000 causes bit 3 to directly control PRG ROM A17 instead of going through the fixed bank logic.
- MMC1B: PRG RAM is enabled by default, and $E000 bit 3 does not bypass the fixed bank.
- MMC1C: PRG RAM is (reportedly) disabled by default, and $E000 bit 3 does not bypass the fixed bank.
The MMC1 most commonly exists in a 24-pin shrink-DIP package. An SOIC-24 incarnation MMC1B2F has been observed inside of a JRA-PAT Famicom Network System card.
Boards using an MMC1 may contain a battery connected to the PRG RAM's power line to preserve the data. Boards doing so will allow extra circuitry to be used, with 2 diodes and 2 resistors. A diode is needed from both voltage sources: The battery and the NES 5V, so that one cannot supply current to the other, and there is a resistor in series with the battery as part of UL compliance. A pull-down resistor is needed on the CE line so that the SRAM is disabled when the MMC1 isn't powered. Finally, the battery powered SRAMs have an additional larger decoupling capacitor to make sure voltage transitions are smooth. Very early NES-SNROM-03 and lower revisions lacks that capcity, and saves are lost much more easily on those boards.
Nintendo transitioned from the original MMC1 (manufactured by ROHM) to the MMC1A (manufactured probably by Ricoh) around the 39th week of 1988. (Based on comparison of otherwise identical SMB/DH/WCTM carts from 38th and 39th weeks of '88)
AX5904 is a third-party clone of the MMC1A.
Variants
Because the higher CHR lines aren't used when the MMC1 mapper is used with a 8KB CHR RAM, those lines are sometimes put to other uses depending on the board :
SNROM
CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF)
4bit0 ----- ExxxC | | | +- Select 4 KB CHR RAM bank at PPU $0000 (ignored in 8 KB mode) +----- PRG RAM disable (0: enable, 1: open bus)
CHR bank 1 (internal, $C000-$DFFF)
4bit0 ----- ExxxC | | | +- Select 4 KB CHR RAM bank at PPU $1000 (ignored in 8 KB mode) +----- PRG RAM disable (0: enable, 1: open bus) (ignored in 8 KB mode)
Both the E bit and the R bit (in standard MMC1 registers) should be clear in order for the PRG RAM to be writable or readable. This bit is more "reliable" on authentic hardware as it is implemented even in older boards with older MMC1's, while the R bit was only introduced later.
But because the E bit wasn't confirmed by the homebrew community until October 2010[4], emulators tend not to implement it.
SOROM, SUROM and SXROM
CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF)
4bit0 ----- PSSxC ||| | ||| +- Select 4 KB CHR RAM bank at PPU $0000 (ignored in 8 KB mode) |++--- Select 8 KB PRG RAM bank +----- Select 256 KB PRG ROM bank
CHR bank 1 (internal, $C000-$DFFF)
4bit0 ----- PSSxC ||| | ||| +- Select 4 KB CHR RAM bank at PPU $1000 (ignored in 8 KB mode) |++--- Select 8 KB PRG RAM bank (ignored in 8 KB mode) +----- Select 256 KB PRG ROM bank (ignored in 8 KB mode)
The SOROM board only implements the upper S bit, while the SUROM board only implements the P bit. For SXROM, the upper S (bit 3) selects the SRAM's A14, and the lower S (bit 2) selects A13[5].
The 256 KB PRG bank selection applies to all the PRG area, including the supposedly "fixed" bank.
In 4KB CHR bank mode, SNROM's E bit and SO/U/XROM's P and S bits in both CHR bank registers must be set to the same values, or the PRG ROM and/or RAM will be bankswitched/enabled as the PPU renders, in a similar fashion as MMC3's scanline counter. As there is not much of a reason to use 4 KB bankswitching with CHR RAM, it is wise for programs to just set 8 KB bankswitching mode in the Control register.
SZROM
CHR bank 0 (internal, $A000-$BFFF)
4bit0 ----- RCCCC ||||| |++++- Select 4 KB CHR ROM bank at PPU $0000 (low bit ignored in 8 KB mode) +----- Select 8 KB PRG RAM bank
CHR bank 1 (internal, $C000-$DFFF)
4bit0 ----- RCCCC ||||| |++++- Select 4 KB CHR ROM bank at PPU $1000 (ignored in 8 KB mode) +----- Select 8 KB PRG RAM bank (ignored in 8 KB mode)
SZROM behaves similarly to SOROM, except that the PRG RAM bank is a controlled by a different bit, and enough CHR is present that 4K bankswitching is desirable. The only currently-known game on SZROM is A Ressha de Ikou.
SZROM can be detected by a NES2.0 header specifying 8K of PRG RAM, 8K of PRG NV RAM, and 16K or more of CHR.
iNES Mapper 001
iNES Mapper 001 is used to designate the SxROM boardset, all of which use Nintendo's MMC1.
Because some MMC1 boards (e.g. SOROM, SUROM and SXROM) used the upper CHR bank select lines instead to select additional PRG ROM or PRG RAM data, these bits should be assigned as follows:
$A000 and $C000: 4bit0 ----- EDCBA ||||| ||||+- CHR A12 |||+-- CHR A13 if CHR >= 16k ||+--- CHR A14 if CHR >= 32k; and PRG RAM A13 if PRG RAM = 32k |+---- CHR A15 if CHR >= 64k; and PRG RAM A13 if PRG RAM = 16k | or PRG RAM A14 if PRG RAM = 32k +----- CHR A16 if CHR = 128k; and PRG ROM A18 if PRG ROM = 512k
The E bit also acts as a PRG RAM disable for SNROM (PRG ROM <= 256k, CHR RAM = 8k, PRG RAM = 8k), though this is merely for write protection and not strictly required for compatible emulation.
The D bit used by SOROM (16k PRG RAM) and SXROM (32k PRG RAM) controls a different address line depending on the board type. Using A13 for D with both boards and A14 for C will work, but will break SXROM save file compatibility with correct implementations.
NES 2.0 is required to specify PRG-RAM size. Without NES 2.0 the PRG-RAM size has to be assumed (32k may be sufficient for compatibility).
Boards designed for 32k PRG-ROM (SEROM, SHROM, and SH1ROM) do not connect PRG A14 to the MMC1, disabling PRG banking. For compatibility with these, the emulator may switch to PRG bank 0 at power-on. SIROM supports banked 32k PRG, however.
References
- ↑ 6502_cpu.txt. See the section labelled Instruction Timing, subsections Absolute addressing, Read-Modify-Write instructions
- ↑ Forum thread: Shinsenden crash and MMC1 reset findings
- ↑ Forum post: MMC1 write investigation
- ↑ Forum topic: NES SNROM to 512K cart?
- ↑ Forum post: Tracing the SXROM PCB
See also
- Programming MMC1
- MMC1 pinout
- "Nintendo MMC1 info for 8-bit NES carts" by Matthew J. Richey
- MMC1 doc by Kevin Horton
- Comprehensive NES Mapper Document by \Firebug\, information on SUROM/SXROM carts (512k carts, 1024k carts) is inaccurate
- US Patent 4,949,298
