CPU unofficial opcodes

Unofficial opcodes, sometimes called illegal opcodes or undocumented opcodes, are CPU instructions that were officially left unused by the original design. The 6502 family datasheet from MOS Technology does not specify or document their function, but they actually do perform various operations.

Some of these instructions are useful; some are not predictable; some do nothing but burn cycles; some halt the CPU until reset. Most NMOS 6502 cores interpret them the same way, although there are slight differences with the less stable instructions. CMOS variants of the 6502 handle them completely differently, and later CPUs in the same family (e.g. 65C02, HuC6280, 65C816) were free to implement new instructions in the place of the unused ones.

An accurate NES emulator must implement all instructions, not just the official ones. A small number of games use them (see below).

Arrangement

The microcode of the 6502 is compressed into a 130-entry decode ROM. Instead of 256 entries telling how to process each separate opcode, it's encoded as combinational logic post-processing the output of a "sparse" ROM that acts in some ways like a programmable logic array (PLA). Each entry in the ROM means "if these bits are on, and these bits are off, do things on these six cycles."

Many instructions activate multiple lines of the decode ROM at once. Often this is on purpose, such as one line for the addressing mode and one for the opcode part. But many of the unofficial opcodes simultaneously trigger parts of the ROM that were intended for completely unrelated instructions.

Perhaps the pattern is easier to see by shuffling the 6502's opcode matrix. This table lists all 6502 opcodes, 32 columns per row. The columns are colored by bits 1 and 0: 00 red, 01 green, 10 blue, and 11 gray.

	+00	+01	+02	+03	+04	+05	+06	+07	+08	+09	+0A	+0B	+0C	+0D	+0E	+0F	+10	+11	+12	+13	+14	+15	+16	+17	+18	+19	+1A	+1B	+1C	+1D	+1E	+1F
00	BRK	ORA (d,x)	STP	SLO (d,x)	NOP d	ORA d	ASL d	SLO d	PHP	ORA #i	ASL	ANC #i	NOP a	ORA a	ASL a	SLO a	BPL *+d	ORA (d),y	STP	SLO (d),y	NOP d,x	ORA d,x	ASL d,x	SLO d,x	CLC	ORA a,y	NOP	SLO a,y	NOP a,x	ORA a,x	ASL a,x	SLO a,x
20	JSR a	AND (d,x)	STP	RLA (d,x)	BIT d	AND d	ROL d	RLA d	PLP	AND #i	ROL	ANC #i	BIT a	AND a	ROL a	RLA a	BMI *+d	AND (d),y	STP	RLA (d),y	NOP d,x	AND d,x	ROL d,x	RLA d,x	SEC	AND a,y	NOP	RLA a,y	NOP a,x	AND a,x	ROL a,x	RLA a,x
40	RTI	EOR (d,x)	STP	SRE (d,x)	NOP d	EOR d	LSR d	SRE d	PHA	EOR #i	LSR	ALR #i	JMP a	EOR a	LSR a	SRE a	BVC *+d	EOR (d),y	STP	SRE (d),y	NOP d,x	EOR d,x	LSR d,x	SRE d,x	CLI	EOR a,y	NOP	SRE a,y	NOP a,x	EOR a,x	LSR a,x	SRE a,x
60	RTS	ADC (d,x)	STP	RRA (d,x)	NOP d	ADC d	ROR d	RRA d	PLA	ADC #i	ROR	ARR #i	JMP (a)	ADC a	ROR a	RRA a	BVS *+d	ADC (d),y	STP	RRA (d),y	NOP d,x	ADC d,x	ROR d,x	RRA d,x	SEI	ADC a,y	NOP	RRA a,y	NOP a,x	ADC a,x	ROR a,x	RRA a,x
80	NOP #i	STA (d,x)	NOP #i	SAX (d,x)	STY d	STA d	STX d	SAX d	DEY	NOP #i	TXA	XAA #i	STY a	STA a	STX a	SAX a	BCC *+d	STA (d),y	STP	AHX (d),y	STY d,x	STA d,x	STX d,y	SAX d,y	TYA	STA a,y	TXS	TAS a,y	SHY a,x	STA a,x	SHX a,y	AHX a,y
A0	LDY #i	LDA (d,x)	LDX #i	LAX (d,x)	LDY d	LDA d	LDX d	LAX d	TAY	LDA #i	TAX	LAX #i	LDY a	LDA a	LDX a	LAX a	BCS *+d	LDA (d),y	STP	LAX (d),y	LDY d,x	LDA d,x	LDX d,y	LAX d,y	CLV	LDA a,y	TSX	LAS a,y	LDY a,x	LDA a,x	LDX a,y	LAX a,y
C0	CPY #i	CMP (d,x)	NOP #i	DCP (d,x)	CPY d	CMP d	DEC d	DCP d	INY	CMP #i	DEX	AXS #i	CPY a	CMP a	DEC a	DCP a	BNE *+d	CMP (d),y	STP	DCP (d),y	NOP d,x	CMP d,x	DEC d,x	DCP d,x	CLD	CMP a,y	NOP	DCP a,y	NOP a,x	CMP a,x	DEC a,x	DCP a,x
E0	CPX #i	SBC (d,x)	NOP #i	ISC (d,x)	CPX d	SBC d	INC d	ISC d	INX	SBC #i	NOP	SBC #i	CPX a	SBC a	INC a	ISC a	BEQ *+d	SBC (d),y	STP	ISC (d),y	NOP d,x	SBC d,x	INC d,x	ISC d,x	SED	SBC a,y	NOP	ISC a,y	NOP a,x	SBC a,x	INC a,x	ISC a,x

Key: a is a 16-bit absolute address, and d is an 8-bit zero page address. Entries in bold represent unofficial opcodes.

But if we rearrange it so that columns with the same bits 1-0 are close together, correlations become easier to see:

	+00	+04	+08	+0C	+10	+14	+18	+1C	+01	+05	+09	+0D	+11	+15	+19	+1D	+02	+06	+0A	+0E	+12	+16	+1A	+1E	+03	+07	+0B	+0F	+13	+17	+1B	+1F
00	BRK	NOP d	PHP	NOP a	BPL *+d	NOP d,x	CLC	NOP a,x	ORA (d,x)	ORA d	ORA #i	ORA a	ORA (d),y	ORA d,x	ORA a,y	ORA a,x	STP	ASL d	ASL	ASL a	STP	ASL d,x	NOP	ASL a,x	SLO (d,x)	SLO d	ANC #i	SLO a	SLO (d),y	SLO d,x	SLO a,y	SLO a,x
20	JSR a	BIT d	PLP	BIT a	BMI *+d	NOP d,x	SEC	NOP a,x	AND (d,x)	AND d	AND #i	AND a	AND (d),y	AND d,x	AND a,y	AND a,x	STP	ROL d	ROL	ROL a	STP	ROL d,x	NOP	ROL a,x	RLA (d,x)	RLA d	ANC #i	RLA a	RLA (d),y	RLA d,x	RLA a,y	RLA a,x
40	RTI	NOP d	PHA	JMP a	BVC *+d	NOP d,x	CLI	NOP a,x	EOR (d,x)	EOR d	EOR #i	EOR a	EOR (d),y	EOR d,x	EOR a,y	EOR a,x	STP	LSR d	LSR	LSR a	STP	LSR d,x	NOP	LSR a,x	SRE (d,x)	SRE d	ALR #i	SRE a	SRE (d),y	SRE d,x	SRE a,y	SRE a,x
60	RTS	NOP d	PLA	JMP (a)	BVS *+d	NOP d,x	SEI	NOP a,x	ADC (d,x)	ADC d	ADC #i	ADC a	ADC (d),y	ADC d,x	ADC a,y	ADC a,x	STP	ROR d	ROR	ROR a	STP	ROR d,x	NOP	ROR a,x	RRA (d,x)	RRA d	ARR #i	RRA a	RRA (d),y	RRA d,x	RRA a,y	RRA a,x
80	NOP #i	STY d	DEY	STY a	BCC *+d	STY d,x	TYA	SHY a,x	STA (d,x)	STA d	NOP #i	STA a	STA (d),y	STA d,x	STA a,y	STA a,x	NOP #i	STX d	TXA	STX a	STP	STX d,y	TXS	SHX a,y	SAX (d,x)	SAX d	XAA #i	SAX a	AHX (d),y	SAX d,y	TAS a,y	AHX a,y
A0	LDY #i	LDY d	TAY	LDY a	BCS *+d	LDY d,x	CLV	LDY a,x	LDA (d,x)	LDA d	LDA #i	LDA a	LDA (d),y	LDA d,x	LDA a,y	LDA a,x	LDX #i	LDX d	TAX	LDX a	STP	LDX d,y	TSX	LDX a,y	LAX (d,x)	LAX d	LAX #i	LAX a	LAX (d),y	LAX d,y	LAS a,y	LAX a,y
C0	CPY #i	CPY d	INY	CPY a	BNE *+d	NOP d,x	CLD	NOP a,x	CMP (d,x)	CMP d	CMP #i	CMP a	CMP (d),y	CMP d,x	CMP a,y	CMP a,x	NOP #i	DEC d	DEX	DEC a	STP	DEC d,x	NOP	DEC a,x	DCP (d,x)	DCP d	AXS #i	DCP a	DCP (d),y	DCP d,x	DCP a,y	DCP a,x
E0	CPX #i	CPX d	INX	CPX a	BEQ *+d	NOP d,x	SED	NOP a,x	SBC (d,x)	SBC d	SBC #i	SBC a	SBC (d),y	SBC d,x	SBC a,y	SBC a,x	NOP #i	INC d	NOP	INC a	STP	INC d,x	NOP	INC a,x	ISC (d,x)	ISC d	SBC #i	ISC a	ISC (d),y	ISC d,x	ISC a,y	ISC a,x

Thus the 00 (red) block is mostly control instructions, 01 (green) is ALU operations, and 10 (blue) is read-modify-write (RMW) operations and data movement instructions involving X. The RMW instructions (all but row 80 and A0) in columns +06, +0E, +16, and +1E have the same addressing modes as the corresponding ALU operations.

The 11 (gray) block is unofficial opcodes combining the operations of instructions from the ALU and RMW blocks. all of them having the same addressing mode as the corresponding ALU opcode. The RMW+ALU instructions that affect memory are easiest to understand because their RMW part completes during the opcode and the ALU part completes during the next opcode's fetch. Column +0B, on the other hand, has no extra cycles; everything completes during the next opcode's fetch. This causes instructions to have strange mixing properties. Some even differ based on analog effects.

Games using unofficial opcodes

The use of unofficial opcodes is rare in NES games. It appears to occur mostly in late or unlicensed titles:

• Beauty and the Beast (E) (1994) uses $80 (a 2-byte NOP).
• Disney's Aladdin (E) (December 1994) uses $07 (SLO). This is Virgin's port of the Game Boy game, itself a port of the Genesis game, not any of the pirate originals.
• Dynowarz: Destruction of Spondylus (April 1990) uses 1-byte NOPs $DA and $FA on the first level when your dino throws his fist.
• F-117A Stealth Fighter uses $89 (a 2-byte NOP).
• Gaau Hok Gwong Cheung (Ch) uses $8B (XAA immediate) as a 2-byte NOP. The game malfunctions after selecting Left from the main menu if that instruction is not emulated.
• Infiltrator uses $89 (a 2-byte NOP).
• Puzznic (all regions) (US release November 1990) uses $89 (a 2-byte NOP).
• Super Cars (U) (February 1991) uses $B3 (LAX).

Homebrew games

• The MUSE music engine, used in Driar and STREEMERZ: Super Strength Emergency Squad Zeta, uses $8F (SAX), $B3 (LAX), and $CB (AXS).
• Attribute Zone uses $0B (ANC), $2F (RLA), $4B (ALR), $A7 (LAX), $B3 (LAX), $CB (AXS), $D3 (DCP) and $DB (DCP).
• The port of Zork to the Famicom uses a few unofficial opcodes.
• Eyra, the Crow Maiden uses several unofficial opcodes.

See also

• Programming with unofficial opcodes

External links

• 6502 opcode matrix including unofficial opcodes
• 65C02 and 65816
• Illegal opcodes at Wikipedia.
• 65xx Processor Data
• 6502_cpu.txt